---
name: class-certification-motion
title: Motion for Class Certification
description: Drafts a Motion for Class Certification under FRCP 23 or state equivalents, arguing numerosity, commonality, typicality, adequacy, predominance, and superiority from case materials. Use when drafting class certification motions, seeking class treatment, or preparing Rule 23 briefing in discovery or pre-trial phases.
author: CaseMark
author_url: https://github.com/CaseMark/skills/tree/main/skills/legal/class-certification-motion
license: Apache-2.0
version: 0.1.0
execution_mode: open
jurisdiction: us
practice: litigation
language: en
tags: [drafting, motion]
---

# Motion for Class Certification

Produces a plaintiff-side FRCP 23 (or state equivalent) class certification motion grounded in case-file evidence and structured for rigorous judicial scrutiny.

## Prerequisites

1. Pleadings — complaint, answer, amended pleadings
2. Discovery materials — interrogatories, document productions, RFAs, defendant's business records showing scope of conduct
3. Expert reports — damages models, class-wide proof methodology, statistical analyses
4. Deposition transcripts — named plaintiff(s), corporate designees, key witnesses
5. Named plaintiff declaration — representative-role understanding, absence of conflicts
6. Class counsel qualifications — CV/firm resume, prior class action experience, resources

## Quick Start

1. Review case materials and identify the uniform policy/practice at issue
2. Draft a precise, administrable class definition tied to the liability theory
3. Build Rule 23(a) arguments from discovery evidence
4. Select and brief the applicable Rule 23(b) subsection
5. Propose notice/administration plan and case management approach
6. Preempt anticipated defense arguments with record citations

## Core Workflow

### 1. Introduction (1–2 pages)

State defendant's specific misconduct, proposed class definition (temporal/geographic scope), approximate class size, common injury, and why joinder is impracticable.

### 2. Class Definition

The definition must:
- Track the liability theory (not merits outcomes)
- Be administratively manageable via objective criteria
- Specify dates corresponding to period of misconduct
- Match geographic scope to defendant's conduct and applicable law
- Require no individualized inquiry for membership

### 3. Rule 23(a) Prerequisites

**Numerosity** — Cite defendant's records, discovery data, or expert estimates. Address geographic dispersion and economic infeasibility of individual suits. For negative-value claims, show individual recovery < litigation costs.

**Commonality** — Apply *Wal-Mart v. Dukes*, 564 U.S. 338 (2011): identify common questions generating common answers. Focus on uniform policies, standardized contracts, common course of conduct. Distinguish substantial common questions from peripheral individual ones.

**Typicality** — Show named plaintiff suffered the same injury type through the same mechanism. Cite specific evidence. Address unique-defense arguments; distinguish damages quantum from liability theory.

**Adequacy** — Named plaintiff: case knowledge, commitment, no conflicts. Class counsel: prior class actions, results, judicial recognition, resources, co-counsel arrangements.

### 4. Rule 23(b) Analysis

Select the applicable subsection:

| Subsection | Standard | Key Proof |
|---|---|---|
| 23(b)(3) | Predominance + superiority | Common evidence per claim element; common damages methodology; superiority over alternatives |
| 23(b)(2) | Generally applicable conduct | Uniform injunctive/declaratory relief; address whether monetary claims are incidental |
| 23(b)(1)(A) | Inconsistent obligations risk | Separate actions would impose contradictory requirements |
| 23(b)(1)(B) | Impaired interests risk | Individual adjudications would practically dispose of absent members' claims |

**For 23(b)(3) predominance**, analyze element-by-element:
1. Identify common proof method for each claim element
2. Show common damages methodology — distinguish amount variation (acceptable) from methodology variation (problematic)
3. Integrate expert findings on class-wide proof feasibility
4. Address reliance/causation through presumptions or burden-shifting frameworks

**For superiority**: economics of individual claims vs. litigation costs, inconsistent-adjudication risk, concentration benefits, existing individual litigation.

### 5. Notice and Administration Plan

- Identification method from defendant's records
- Plain-language notice (lawsuit nature, class definition, opt-out rights, binding effect)
- Distribution methods (direct mail, email, publication, digital) with justification
- Cost estimates and allocation
- Claims administration process

### 6. Case Management Proposal

Address as applicable: liability/damages bifurcation, bellwether trials, statistical sampling, special master appointment, subclass structure.

### 7. Anticipatory Defense

| Defense Argument | Response Strategy |
|---|---|
| Individual issues predominate | Common proof resolves core liability; individual damages manageable post-certification |
| Class unmanageable | Propose specific tools: bifurcation, sampling, special master |
| Named plaintiff atypical/inadequate | Distinguish damages variation from liability-theory divergence |
| Class definition overbroad | Definition tracks liability theory with objective, administrable criteria |
| Ascertainability problems | Objective identification from defendant's own records |
| Subclass conflicts | Aligned interests on core liability; propose subclasses only if necessary |

### 8. Conclusion

Restate class definition, specify requested relief (certify class, appoint representative, appoint counsel), reference notice plan and case management procedures, request hearing if warranted.

## Pitfalls and Checks

- **Pinpoint citations required** — every factual assertion must cite document name, page, paragraph, exhibit number. No document-level references.
- **Jurisdiction-specific standards** — circuits vary on predominance, ascertainability, and merits scrutiny. Identify and apply controlling precedent.
- **Certification ≠ summary judgment** — present enough merits evidence for certification without fully litigating the merits.
- **FRE 702 / Daubert-Frye** — ensure expert methodology survives reliability challenge under the applicable standard.
- **Adverse authority** — distinguish unfavorable cases as factually distinguishable, superseded, or inapposite. Never ignore them.
- **Tone** — professional, confident, evidence-driven. No hyperbole.
- **Length** — 25–50 pages depending on complexity and local rules.

---
