# Portuguese — Taxes Sub-Lexicon

Portuguese tax-law terminology mapped to the neutral English equivalents in
`references/taxes.md`. Portuguese tax law is governed primarily by the Lei Geral
Tributária (LGT), the Código do IRC (Corporate Income Tax Code), the Código do
IRS (Personal Income Tax Code), the Código do IVA (VAT Code), and the Código
Fiscal do Investimento (Tax Incentives Code). For corporate / M&A context use
alongside `portuguese-corporate-ma-jv.md`.

---

## 1. Headline Taxes (Impostos)

| Portuguese | English |
|---|---|
| Imposto sobre o Rendimento das Pessoas Coletivas (IRC) | corporate income tax (IRC) |
| Imposto sobre o Rendimento das Pessoas Singulares (IRS) | personal income tax (IRS) |
| Imposto sobre o Valor Acrescentado (IVA) | value added tax (VAT) |
| Imposto Municipal sobre Imóveis (IMI) | municipal property tax (IMI) |
| Adicional ao IMI (AIMI) | additional municipal property tax (AIMI — wealth surcharge on real estate) |
| Imposto Municipal sobre as Transmissões Onerosas de Imóveis (IMT) | municipal real estate transfer tax (IMT) |
| Imposto do Selo | stamp duty |
| Imposto sobre Veículos (ISV) | vehicle tax (ISV — on first registration) |
| Imposto Único de Circulação (IUC) | annual motor vehicle tax (IUC) |
| Contribuição Especial sobre o Sector Bancário | special contribution on the banking sector |
| Contribuição Extraordinária sobre o Sector Energético (CESE) | extraordinary contribution on the energy sector (CESE) |
| Contribuição sobre as Embalagens de Uso Único (CEUP) | single-use packaging contribution |
| Imposto sobre Produtos Petrolíferos e Energéticos (ISP) | petroleum and energy products tax (ISP) |
| Imposto sobre o Álcool e as Bebidas Alcoólicas (IABA) | alcohol and alcoholic beverages tax (IABA) |
| Imposto sobre o Tabaco (IT) | tobacco tax (IT) |
| Imposto sobre os Prémios de Apostas Desportivas | sports-betting premium tax |
| taxa sobre serviços digitais (proposta) | digital services tax (DST — proposal) |
| direitos aduaneiros | customs duties |
| derrama municipal | municipal corporate surcharge (IRC surcharge — up to 1.5%) |
| derrama estadual | state-level IRC surcharge (sliding scale above €1.5m profit) |
| tributações autónomas | autonomous taxation (flat-rate taxation of certain non-deductible charges) |

## 2. Direct Taxes — IRC / IRS Concepts

| Portuguese | English |
|---|---|
| matéria coletável | taxable base |
| lucro tributável | taxable profit |
| resultado líquido do período | net profit for the period |
| correções para efeitos fiscais | adjustments for tax purposes |
| gastos dedutíveis | deductible expenses |
| gastos não dedutíveis | non-deductible expenses |
| depreciações e amortizações | depreciation and amortisation |
| depreciações aceleradas | accelerated depreciation |
| provisões | provisions |
| imparidades | impairments |
| taxa geral do IRC (21% Continente, 20% Madeira, 14,7% Açores) | general IRC rate (21% mainland, 20% Madeira, 14.7% Azores) |
| taxa reduzida (PMEs, primeiros €50.000) | reduced rate (SMEs, first €50,000 — currently 17% / 16% Madeira) |
| tributação autónoma | autonomous taxation (flat-rate on e.g. company cars, unjustified expenses) |
| prejuízos fiscais reportáveis | tax loss carry-forward |
| dedução de prejuízos (limite 70%) | loss offset limit (70% of taxable profit) |
| regime especial de tributação dos grupos de sociedades (RETGS) | tax consolidation regime (RETGS) |
| sociedade dominante / sociedade dominada | controlling / controlled company |
| eliminação da dupla tributação económica | elimination of economic double taxation |
| participation exemption (Art. 51.º, 51.º-C CIRC) | participation exemption (10% / 12-month holding) |
| mais-valias / menos-valias | capital gains / losses |
| regime de reinvestimento | reinvestment regime |
| limitação à dedutibilidade de gastos de financiamento (30% EBITDA) | interest limitation rule (30% EBITDA — ATAD I) |
| crédito fiscal por dupla tributação internacional | foreign tax credit |
| Regime de Benefícios Contratuais ao Investimento Produtivo | contractual tax benefits for productive investment |
| Regime Fiscal de Apoio ao Investimento (RFAI) | tax support regime for investment (RFAI) |
| Sistema de Incentivos Fiscais em Investigação e Desenvolvimento Empresarial (SIFIDE II) | R&D tax incentive system (SIFIDE II) |
| Dedução por Lucros Retidos e Reinvestidos (DLRR) | deduction for retained and reinvested profits (DLRR — for SMEs) |
| Regime de Patent Box (Art. 50.º-A CIRC) | patent box (85% exclusion on qualifying IP income) |
| rendimentos do trabalho dependente (Categoria A) | employment income (Category A) |
| rendimentos empresariais e profissionais (Categoria B) | business / professional income (Category B) |
| rendimentos de capitais (Categoria E) | investment income (Category E) |
| rendimentos prediais (Categoria F) | real estate income (Category F) |
| incrementos patrimoniais (Categoria G) | capital increments / gains (Category G) |
| pensões (Categoria H) | pensions (Category H) |
| englobamento | aggregation (election to apply progressive rates to investment income) |

## 3. IVA (VAT)

| Portuguese | English |
|---|---|
| sujeito passivo | taxable person |
| operações tributáveis | taxable transactions |
| operações isentas | exempt transactions |
| operações não sujeitas | non-taxable / out-of-scope transactions |
| transmissão de bens | supply of goods |
| prestação de serviços | supply of services |
| transmissão intracomunitária de bens | intra-Community supply of goods |
| aquisição intracomunitária de bens | intra-Community acquisition of goods |
| importação | importation |
| exportação | exportation |
| facto gerador | chargeable event |
| exigibilidade | chargeability / tax point |
| valor tributável | taxable amount |
| taxa normal (23% Continente, 22% Madeira, 16% Açores) | standard rate (23% / 22% / 16%) |
| taxa intermédia (13% / 12% / 9%) | intermediate rate |
| taxa reduzida (6% / 5% / 4%) | reduced rate |
| taxa zero | zero rate |
| IVA liquidado | output VAT |
| IVA dedutível | input VAT |
| direito à dedução | right to deduction |
| pro rata | pro-rata (partial recovery) |
| autoliquidação / reverse charge | reverse charge mechanism |
| fatura | invoice |
| fatura simplificada | simplified invoice |
| fatura-recibo | invoice-receipt |
| fatura eletrónica | electronic invoice |
| SAF-T (PT) | Portuguese audit file (SAF-T PT) |
| declaração periódica do IVA | periodic VAT return |
| declaração recapitulativa (intracomunitária) | recapitulative statement (EC Sales List) |
| Intrastat | Intrastat declaration |
| Balcão Único (OSS/IOSS) | One Stop Shop / Import One Stop Shop |
| representante fiscal | fiscal representative |
| número de identificação fiscal (NIF) | tax identification number (NIF) |
| regime de isenção (Art. 53.º) | small-business exemption regime |

## 4. Withholding Taxes and Cross-Border

| Portuguese | English |
|---|---|
| retenção na fonte | withholding tax (WHT) |
| retenção com natureza de pagamento por conta | withholding on account |
| retenção com natureza liberatória | final / definitive withholding |
| substituto tributário | withholding agent / substitute |
| substituído tributário | withholding recipient |
| dividendos | dividends |
| juros | interest |
| royalties | royalties |
| beneficiário efetivo | beneficial owner |
| certificado de residência fiscal | certificate of tax residence |
| convenção para evitar a dupla tributação (CDT / ADT) | double tax treaty (DTT) |
| Diretiva Mães-Filhas | Parent-Subsidiary Directive |
| Diretiva Juros e Royalties | Interest and Royalties Directive |
| isenção de retenção | withholding tax exemption |
| Modelo 21-RFI | Form 21-RFI (treaty-relief request) |

## 5. Tax Residency, PE and Source

| Portuguese | English |
|---|---|
| residência fiscal | tax residency |
| residente fiscal | tax resident |
| não residente | non-resident |
| domicílio fiscal | tax domicile |
| permanência superior a 183 dias | over 183 days physical presence |
| habitação a 31 de dezembro | home on 31 December |
| sede / direção efetiva | registered office / effective management |
| estabelecimento estável (EE) | permanent establishment (PE) |
| instalação fixa | fixed installation |
| agente dependente | dependent agent |
| obra de construção (superior a 6 meses) | construction site (over 6 months) |
| estabelecimento estável de prestação de serviços | services PE |
| rendimentos de fonte portuguesa | Portuguese-source income |
| princípio da tributação mundial | worldwide taxation principle (for residents) |
| princípio da territorialidade | territoriality principle (for non-residents) |
| tributação à saída / exit tax | exit taxation |

## 6. Transfer Pricing and Anti-Avoidance

| Portuguese | English |
|---|---|
| preços de transferência | transfer pricing (TP) |
| princípio de plena concorrência | arm's length principle |
| operações vinculadas / entre entidades relacionadas | related-party transactions |
| métodos de preços de transferência | TP methods |
| método do preço comparável de mercado | comparable uncontrolled price method |
| método do preço de revenda minorado | resale price method |
| método do custo majorado | cost-plus method |
| método do fracionamento do lucro | profit split method |
| método da margem líquida da operação | transactional net margin method (TNMM) |
| dossier de preços de transferência | transfer pricing documentation |
| processo de documentação fiscal | tax documentation file |
| declaração financeira e fiscal por país (CbCR) | country-by-country report (CbCR) |
| acordo prévio sobre preços de transferência (APPT) | advance pricing agreement (APA) |
| regime de imputação de lucros (CFC) | controlled foreign company rules (CFC) |
| entidades não residentes sujeitas a regime fiscal claramente mais favorável | low-tax jurisdictions / NCJs |
| lista de países, territórios e regiões com regimes de tributação privilegiada | blacklist of privileged tax regimes |
| cláusula geral anti-abuso (CGAA, Art. 38.º LGT) | general anti-avoidance rule (GAAR) |
| abuso de direito | abuse of law |
| negócio jurídico com essencial finalidade fiscal | transaction with predominantly tax purpose |
| substância económica | economic substance |
| normas anti-híbridos (ATAD 2) | anti-hybrid rules (ATAD II) |
| subcapitalização (histórico) | thin capitalisation (historic) |
| limitação à dedutibilidade de gastos de financiamento | interest limitation |
| Pilar 2 / imposto complementar mínimo global | Pillar Two / global minimum top-up tax |
| imposto complementar nacional qualificado | qualified domestic minimum top-up tax (QDMTT) |

## 7. Tax Procedure and Compliance

| Portuguese | English |
|---|---|
| declaração fiscal | tax return |
| declaração periódica de rendimentos (Modelo 22 — IRC) | periodic income tax return (Form 22 — IRC) |
| Modelo 3 (IRS) | Form 3 (IRS return) |
| Informação Empresarial Simplificada (IES) | simplified corporate information (IES) |
| autoliquidação | self-assessment |
| pagamento por conta | payment on account / interim payment |
| pagamento especial por conta (PEC) | special payment on account (PEC — abolished for most) |
| pagamento adicional por conta | additional payment on account |
| reembolso | refund |
| compensação | set-off / offset |
| juros compensatórios | compensatory interest |
| juros de mora | default / late interest |
| coimas | administrative fines |
| contraordenação fiscal | tax administrative offence |
| regularização voluntária | voluntary regularisation |
| prazo de caducidade | forfeiture period (general 4 years for tax assessments — Art. 45.º LGT) |
| prazo de prescrição | prescription period (general 8 years for collection — Art. 48.º LGT) |
| caducidade do direito à liquidação | forfeiture of the right to assess |
| prescrição da obrigação tributária | prescription of the tax obligation |
| procedimento de inspeção tributária | tax inspection procedure |
| inspeção interna / externa | internal / external audit |
| relatório de inspeção | audit report |
| notificação para regularização | notice to regularise |
| liquidação adicional | additional assessment |
| reclamação graciosa | administrative claim (first-instance contest with tax authority) |
| recurso hierárquico | hierarchical appeal |
| pedido de revisão oficiosa | request for ex officio review |
| impugnação judicial | judicial tax claim / tax lawsuit |
| oposição à execução fiscal | opposition to tax enforcement |
| regime complementar do procedimento de inspeção tributária (RCPIT) | complementary regime of tax inspection procedure |

## 8. Tax Authorities and Litigation

| Portuguese | English |
|---|---|
| Autoridade Tributária e Aduaneira (AT) | Portuguese Tax and Customs Authority (AT) |
| Direção de Serviços | Directorate of Services (AT divisions) |
| Unidade dos Grandes Contribuintes (UGC) | Large Taxpayers Unit (UGC) |
| Direção de Serviços de Inspeção Tributária (DSIT) | Tax Inspection Services Directorate |
| Direção Regional | regional directorate |
| Serviço de Finanças | Local Tax Office |
| Portal das Finanças | Finance Portal (e-filing and services portal) |
| e-fatura | e-invoicing system (consumer-facing portal) |
| tribunal administrativo e fiscal (TAF) | administrative and tax court (first instance) |
| Tribunal Central Administrativo (TCA) | Central Administrative Court (appellate) |
| Supremo Tribunal Administrativo (STA) | Supreme Administrative Court |
| tribunal arbitral tributário (CAAD) | tax arbitration court (CAAD) |
| recurso para o Tribunal Constitucional | appeal to the Constitutional Court |
| Ministério Público (contencioso tributário) | Public Prosecutor (tax litigation branch) |
| crime fiscal | tax offence |
| crime de fraude fiscal | tax fraud offence |
| crime de abuso de confiança fiscal | tax breach-of-trust offence (withholding not handed over) |
| denúncia espontânea | spontaneous self-denunciation |

## 9. M&A and Reorganisation Tax Interface

For full M&A drafting terminology see `portuguese-corporate-ma-jv.md`. The terms
below are the substantive tax concepts that recur in deal documents.

| Portuguese | English |
|---|---|
| share deal / aquisição de participações | share deal |
| asset deal / aquisição de ativos | asset deal |
| trespasse | business transfer (going concern) |
| entrada em espécie | contribution in kind |
| permuta de partes sociais | share-for-share exchange |
| fusão | merger |
| fusão por incorporação | merger by absorption |
| fusão por constituição | merger by formation of new entity |
| cisão | demerger / spin-off |
| cisão total / parcial | full / partial demerger |
| cisão-fusão | demerger-merger (hybrid) |
| regime especial de neutralidade fiscal (Arts. 73.º-78.º CIRC) | special tax-neutrality regime for reorganisations |
| fundamentação por razões económicas válidas | valid economic reasons (anti-abuse requirement) |
| continuidade dos valores fiscais | carry-over of tax basis |
| reporte de prejuízos em fusão | loss carry-forward after merger (Art. 75.º CIRC, subject to clearance) |
| autorização prévia | prior authorisation (for loss transfer in reorganisations) |
| participation exemption (Art. 51.º CIRC — dividendos; 51.º-C — mais-valias) | participation exemption (dividends and capital gains) |
| requisitos (10%, 12 meses) | eligibility (10% holding, 12 months) |
| residência em jurisdição elegível | residence in an eligible jurisdiction (no blacklisted territories) |
| Imposto do Selo sobre transmissão de ações | stamp duty on share transfers |
| IMT sobre partes de capital em sociedade com imóveis | IMT on share transfers in real-estate-heavy companies (>50% of assets) |
| garantias fiscais | tax warranties |
| período pré-closing | pre-closing period |
| período straddle | straddle period |

## 10. Personal Taxation and Inheritance

| Portuguese | English |
|---|---|
| rendimento coletável | taxable income |
| deduções específicas | category-specific deductions |
| coeficientes | coefficients (applied to Category B simplified regime) |
| regime simplificado | simplified regime (Category B) |
| contabilidade organizada | organised accounting regime |
| taxas gerais progressivas (escalões) | progressive general rates (brackets) |
| taxas liberatórias (28%) | final withholding rates (28% on investment income by default) |
| taxas especiais | special rates |
| taxa adicional de solidariedade | additional solidarity rate (for high-income individuals) |
| mínimo de existência | subsistence minimum (PIT-free basic amount) |
| deduções à coleta | deductions from tax (tax credits) |
| saúde / educação / imóveis / ascendentes | healthcare / education / real estate / ascendants (qualifying deductions) |
| IRS Jovem | young IRS (partial IRS exemption for young taxpayers) |
| Regime Fiscal do Residente Não Habitual (RNH) | non-habitual resident regime (NHR) |
| Regime fiscal dos ex-residentes ("regresso") | returning resident tax regime |
| nómadas digitais | digital nomad regime |
| mais-valias mobiliárias | capital gains on securities |
| mais-valias imobiliárias | real estate capital gains |
| reinvestimento em habitação própria permanente | reinvestment in own permanent dwelling (exemption) |
| Imposto do Selo sobre heranças e doações (10%) | stamp duty on inheritance and gifts (10%) |
| isenção cônjuge / descendentes / ascendentes | exemption for spouse / descendants / ascendants |
| regime de bens no casamento | matrimonial property regime |

## 11. Tax Incentives and Special Regimes

| Portuguese | English |
|---|---|
| Código Fiscal do Investimento (CFI) | Tax Incentives Code (CFI) |
| Sistema de Incentivos Fiscais em I&D Empresarial (SIFIDE II) | R&D tax incentive system (SIFIDE II) |
| Benefícios fiscais contratuais | contractual tax benefits (case-by-case) |
| Regime de Patent Box | patent box regime |
| Zona Franca da Madeira / Centro Internacional de Negócios da Madeira (CINM) | Madeira International Business Centre / Madeira Free Zone |
| Regime Especial aplicável a ativos por impostos diferidos (REAID) | special regime for deferred tax assets |
| Programa +CO3SO | +CO3SO programme (employment incentive) |
| Incentivo fiscal à valorização salarial | tax incentive for salary valorisation |

## 12. Customs and Excise

| Portuguese | English |
|---|---|
| alfândega | customs |
| valor aduaneiro | customs value |
| classificação pautal | tariff classification |
| Pauta Aduaneira Comum / TARIC | Common Customs Tariff / TARIC |
| origem preferencial / não preferencial | preferential / non-preferential origin |
| informação pautal vinculativa (IPV) | binding tariff information (BTI) |
| operador económico autorizado (OEA) | authorised economic operator (AEO) |
| aperfeiçoamento ativo | inward processing |
| aperfeiçoamento passivo | outward processing |
| entreposto aduaneiro | customs warehousing |
| impostos especiais de consumo (IEC) | excise duties |
| entreposto fiscal | tax warehouse / bonded warehouse |
| EMCS | EMCS (excise movement and control system) |

## 13. Standard Verbal Anchors

| Portuguese | English |
|---|---|
| para efeitos de IVA | for VAT purposes |
| para efeitos de IRC | for corporate income tax purposes |
| salvo disposição legal em contrário | unless otherwise provided by law |
| o preço não inclui IVA | the price is exclusive of VAT |
| o preço inclui IVA à taxa em vigor | the price is inclusive of VAT at the applicable rate |
| com aplicação do mecanismo de autoliquidação | with application of the reverse-charge mechanism |
| operação isenta de IVA nos termos do artigo … do CIVA | transaction VAT-exempt under Article … of the VAT Code |
| a retenção na fonte é efetuada a título de pagamento por conta / com natureza liberatória | the withholding is made on account / as a final tax |
| o Vendedor indemnizará e manterá indemne o Comprador | the Seller shall indemnify and hold the Purchaser harmless |
| relativamente a períodos de tributação anteriores à data de fecho | for tax periods prior to the closing date |
| em conformidade com a legislação fiscal em vigor | in accordance with tax legislation in force |

## 14. Section Headings (Recurring)

| Portuguese | English |
|---|---|
| DEFINIÇÕES FISCAIS | TAX DEFINITIONS |
| DECLARAÇÕES E GARANTIAS FISCAIS | TAX REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES |
| INDEMNIZAÇÃO FISCAL / TAX COVENANT | TAX INDEMNITY / TAX COVENANT |
| GESTÃO DE INSPEÇÕES FISCAIS | CONDUCT OF TAX AUDITS |
| REEMBOLSOS FISCAIS | TAX REFUNDS |
| COOPERAÇÃO EM MATÉRIA FISCAL | TAX CO-OPERATION |
| TRATAMENTO EM SEDE DE IVA | VAT TREATMENT |
| RETENÇÃO NA FONTE E GROSS-UP | WITHHOLDING AND GROSS-UP |
| IMPOSTOS SOBRE TRANSMISSÕES | TRANSFER TAXES |

## 15. Notes — Translator Guidance

- **IRC vs "corporate tax"**. Imposto sobre o Rendimento das Pessoas Coletivas
  is Portugal's corporate income tax. Standard rates: 21% mainland Portugal, with
  reduced regional rates in Madeira and the Azores (historically 20% and 14.7%
  respectively, and further reduced in some recent regional budgets — always
  verify the current Orçamento do Estado and the relevant regional legislative
  decree). Translate as "corporate income tax (IRC)" on first mention — not
  "corporation tax" (UK-only). Total effective burden including derrama
  municipal (up to 1.5%) and derrama estadual (up to 9% on profit above €35m)
  can reach ~31.5%.
- **Derrama municipal vs derrama estadual.** Two distinct IRC surcharges:
  (i) **derrama municipal** is a local government IRC surcharge (rate varies
  by municipality, maximum 1.5%); (ii) **derrama estadual** is a state-level
  IRC surcharge on sliding scale for taxable profits above €1.5m (3% / 5% / 9%).
  Do not conflate. Always translate and identify the tier.
- **Tributações autónomas.** A unique feature of Portuguese IRC: flat-rate taxes
  on specific non-deductible charges (company cars, unjustified expenses,
  allowances, etc.). Rates typically 10–50%. Function as a disincentive /
  substitute for disallowance. Translate as "autonomous taxation" and explain
  on first mention — no direct English equivalent.
- **IVA = VAT**. Portuguese IVA is the EU VAT regime. Rates differ by region:
  mainland Portugal (23% / 13% / 6%), Madeira (22% / 12% / 5%), Azores (16% /
  9% / 4%). Always translate as "VAT" with the regional rate where relevant.
- **Imposto do Selo**. Portuguese stamp duty is broader than UK stamp duty:
  it applies to a list of transactions and documents (credit operations,
  guarantees, share transfers, leases, receipts, insurance policies, gifts and
  inheritances). Rates vary by transaction type (0.04%–25%). Translate as
  "stamp duty" with a translator's note on scope — and specify the applicable
  transaction.
- **IMT vs IMI vs AIMI.** Three distinct real estate taxes. **IMT** is the
  municipal transfer tax on the onerous transfer of immovable property (sliding
  scale, up to 7.5% / 8% for high-value residential). **IMI** is the annual
  municipal property tax (0.3%–0.45% of VPT — taxable patrimonial value).
  **AIMI** is the additional IMI — a wealth-tax-like surcharge on the aggregate
  VPT of an owner's real estate portfolio (threshold €600k individuals, €0
  companies). Always specify which is in play.
- **Participation exemption (Arts. 51.º, 51.º-C CIRC).** Portuguese participation
  exemption for dividends (Art. 51.º) and capital gains (Art. 51.º-C).
  Eligibility: 10% holding, 12-month holding period, subsidiary not resident in
  a blacklisted jurisdiction, not subject to a clearly more favourable tax
  regime. When granted, full exemption. Translate as "participation exemption"
  with article references.
- **RETGS (Regime Especial de Tributação dos Grupos de Sociedades).**
  Portuguese tax consolidation regime. Requires the controlling company to hold
  ≥75% of capital and voting rights in the controlled companies, resident in
  Portugal, for ≥1 year. Translate as "tax consolidation regime" or "RETGS
  (Portuguese tax consolidation)".
- **Regime Fiscal do Residente Não Habitual (RNH / NHR).** The Portuguese
  non-habitual resident regime: 10 years of privileged taxation for inbound
  individuals (flat 20% IRS on Portuguese-source professional income from
  high-value-added activities; exemption or reduced rates on most foreign-
  source income). **Significantly curtailed from 1 January 2024** — largely
  replaced by the more narrowly-scoped "IFICI" (Incentivo Fiscal à Investigação
  Científica e Inovação). Flag the applicable regime based on the taxpayer's
  registration date.
- **Madeira International Business Centre (CINM).** EU-approved low-tax regime
  on Madeira: 5% IRC on qualifying activities, subject to substance
  requirements (jobs, minimum investment). Translate as "Madeira International
  Business Centre" or "Madeira Free Zone".
- **Prazo de caducidade vs prescrição.** In Portuguese tax law, **caducidade**
  (4-year general period under Art. 45.º LGT) is the period within which the
  tax authority must issue the assessment; **prescrição** (8-year general
  period under Art. 48.º LGT) is the period within which a validly-assessed
  tax must be collected. Translate *caducidade* as "forfeiture period" (of
  the assessment right) and *prescrição* as "prescription period" (of the
  collection right) — with a translator's note on the distinction.
- **CAAD (Centro de Arbitragem Administrativa).** Tax arbitration court
  established in 2011; handles tax disputes up to €10m (limit has been
  adjusted). Arbitral decisions generally not appealable to state courts
  except on specific grounds. Translate as "tax arbitration court (CAAD)" and
  explain on first mention — this is a distinctive Portuguese dispute
  resolution channel.
- **Retenção liberatória vs por conta.** Critical distinction. *Retenção com
  natureza liberatória* (final withholding) discharges the recipient's liability
  (typical for non-residents and for certain investment income of residents who
  do not elect englobamento). *Retenção por conta* (withholding on account) is
  creditable against final tax liability. Translate precisely.
- **Englobamento.** Election by individual taxpayers to aggregate investment
  income with general income and apply progressive rates (rather than the
  default 28% flat rate). Useful for low-income taxpayers. Translate as
  "aggregation" or "aggregation election" with a translator's note.
- **Reclamação graciosa vs impugnação judicial.** Before litigation, taxpayers
  can file a *reclamação graciosa* (administrative claim with the tax authority
  itself). *Impugnação judicial* is the judicial tax claim before the
  administrative and tax courts. Most high-value disputes go directly to CAAD
  arbitration. Translate functionally.
- **Crime de abuso de confiança fiscal.** A specific offence under the RGIT
  (Regime Geral das Infrações Tributárias): failure to hand over amounts
  withheld at source for more than 90 days. Distinct from tax fraud (*fraude
  fiscal*) which requires active concealment. Translate as "tax breach-of-trust
  offence" with a translator's note.
- **Pillar Two implementation.** Portugal implemented Pillar Two via Law 41/2024,
  effective for financial years beginning on or after 31 December 2023. The
  Portuguese top-up tax regime aligns with the OECD GloBE rules (IIR, UTPR,
  QDMTT). Use the OECD English acronyms.
- **SAF-T (PT).** Portuguese Standard Audit File for Tax — monthly/annual
  mandatory transmission of accounting and invoicing data to the AT. Translate
  as "Portuguese Standard Audit File for Tax (SAF-T PT)" — preserve the
  acronym.
- **Currency / number formats**. Portuguese (European) uses space or dot as
  thousands separator and comma as decimal separator (1.234,56 €). Brazilian
  Portuguese: same convention. Convert to UK English style unless the user
  specifies otherwise. Always preserve the euro sign and exact figure.
- **Regional variants.** Be aware of the differences between European
  Portuguese (Portugal) and Brazilian Portuguese (Brazil — different tax code,
  different terminology: ICMS / ISS / PIS / COFINS / IPI / IRPJ / CSLL). This
  sub-lexicon is for **European Portuguese / Portuguese tax system**; for
  Brazilian documents, a separate Brazilian sub-lexicon would be required.
  Always confirm jurisdiction.
