# Finnish Tax Law — Sub-Lexicon

Use alongside `references/taxes.md` (main tax lexicon) and `sub-lexicons/finnish-corporate-ma-jv.md` for the corporate/M&A interface.

This sub-lexicon covers Finnish (Suomen) tax law. Åland's special status (EU customs/excise exception, exclusion from VAT territory for certain purposes) is flagged where relevant.

## 1. Headline Taxes — Terminology and Codes

| Finnish term | English |
|---|---|
| Yhteisövero | corporate income tax (CIT) |
| Laki elinkeinotulon verottamisesta (EVL) | Act on the Taxation of Business Income (Business Income Tax Act, "BITA") |
| Tuloverolaki (TVL) | Income Tax Act |
| Maatilatalouden tuloverolaki (MVL) | Agricultural Income Tax Act |
| Arvonlisäverolaki (AVL) | Value Added Tax Act |
| Arvonlisävero (alv) | value added tax (VAT) |
| Ennakkoperintälaki | Prepayment Act (withholding on wages/dividends) |
| Laki rajoitetusti verovelvollisen tulon verottamisesta (LähdeveroL) | Non-Resident Income Taxation Act (Source Tax Act) |
| Lähdevero | withholding tax at source |
| Perintö- ja lahjaverolaki | Inheritance and Gift Tax Act |
| Varainsiirtoverolaki | Transfer Tax Act (real estate and securities) |
| Varainsiirtovero | transfer tax |
| Kiinteistöverolaki | Real Estate Tax Act |
| Kiinteistövero | real estate tax (municipal) |
| Valtionvero | state (income) tax |
| Verotusmenettelylaki (VML) | Tax Assessment Procedure Act |
| Laki oma-aloitteisten verojen verotusmenettelystä (OVML) | Self-Assessed Taxes Procedure Act |
| Verohallinto | Finnish Tax Administration (Vero) |
| Valtiovarainministeriö (VM) | Ministry of Finance |

Translator's note: **yhteisövero** (literally "entity tax") is the CIT — translate as "corporate income tax" or "CIT". Do not calque as "community tax". The acronym **EVL** (Laki elinkeinotulon verottamisesta) is the Business Income Tax Act and is the primary corporate-tax substantive code; **TVL** (Tuloverolaki) is the Income Tax Act for individuals and non-business income; **MVL** for agricultural income. Finnish tax law is distinctive in its three parallel income sources (EVL / TVL / MVL) — always flag which regime applies to a given item.

## 2. Direct Taxes — Base, Rates, Allocation

| Finnish term | English |
|---|---|
| Verotettava tulo | taxable income |
| Veronalainen tulo | assessable income |
| Vähennyskelpoinen meno | deductible expense |
| Vähennyskelvoton meno | non-deductible expense |
| Veropohja | tax base |
| Elinkeinotulo | business income (EVL) |
| Henkilökohtainen tulonlähde | personal income source (TVL) |
| Maatalouden tulonlähde | agricultural income source (MVL) |
| Pääomatulo | capital income (flat-rate, 30% / 34% over €30,000) |
| Ansiotulo | earned income (progressive state + flat municipal) |
| Yhteisön tulovero | corporate income tax (20% flat since 2014) |
| Listatun yhtiön osinko | dividend from listed company |
| Listaamattoman yhtiön osinko | dividend from unlisted company |
| Nettovarallisuus | net assets (basis for tax-efficient dividend from unlisted company) |
| Matemaattinen arvo | mathematical value (per-share basis for dividends from unlisted companies) |
| Huojennettu osinko | relieved/tax-favoured dividend (unlisted Ltd up to 8% of NAV, of which 25% taxable up to €150k) |
| Tuloverolain mukainen osinko | TVL-regime dividend (85% taxable for listed shares held by individuals) |
| Käyttöomaisuusosakkeet (KO-osakkeet) | fixed-asset shares (participation exemption under EVL 6b §) |
| EVL 6b § | EVL 6b § (participation exemption for share disposals) |
| Menojäännöspoisto | declining-balance depreciation (on pooled fixed assets) |
| Hankintamenon jaksotus | allocation of acquisition cost |
| Varaus (toimintavaraus, jälleenhankintavaraus) | reserve/provision (operating reserve, replacement reserve) |
| Konserniavustus | group contribution (Laki konserniavustuksesta verotuksessa 1986) |
| Tappiontasaus | loss relief (carry-forward 10 years; no carry-back; EVL 119 §) |
| Omistajanvaihdos ja tappion menettäminen | change of ownership and loss forfeiture (>50% direct/indirect change; TVL 122 §) |
| Poikkeuslupa tappioiden käyttöön | special permission to use losses (dispensation by Verohallinto on change of control) |

Translator's note: **konserniavustus** is the distinctive Finnish mechanism (no consolidation regime, but group contributions between ≥90%-related Finnish companies allow profit/loss transfer) — translate as "group contribution". It requires (i) both companies to be Finnish limited companies, (ii) ≥90% ownership for the entire tax year, (iii) 5-year minimum holding, (iv) matching booking in both accounts — strict formalities. The **EVL 6b § participation exemption** applies to disposals of fixed-asset shares (≥10% ownership, ≥1 year holding, operating company) — translate as "participation exemption (EVL 6b §)".

## 3. VAT (Alv)

| Finnish term | English |
|---|---|
| Yleinen verokanta (25.5% alk. 1.9.2024) | standard rate (25.5% from 1 September 2024; was 24%) |
| Alennettu verokanta (14%) | reduced rate (14%) — food, restaurant, feed |
| Alennettu verokanta (10%) | reduced rate (10%) — books, pharmaceuticals, passenger transport, etc. |
| Nollaverokanta | zero rate |
| Verovapaus | exemption from VAT |
| Verovelvollinen | taxable person |
| Vähäisen toiminnan raja | small-business threshold (€20,000 turnover; €15,000 before 2021) |
| Arvonlisäveron palautus | VAT refund |
| Käännetty verovelvollisuus | reverse charge |
| Yhteisömyynti / yhteisöhankinta | intra-Community supply / acquisition |
| Alv-ilmoitus / oma-aloitteisten verojen ilmoitus | VAT return / self-assessed taxes return |
| Ennakkoratkaisu | advance ruling (KHO/Verohallinto) |
| Kiinteistön käyttötarkoituksen muutos (alv) | change of use of immovable (VAT adjustment) |
| Tarkistuskausi (10 v) | adjustment period (10 years for immovables) |
| Marginaaliverotus | margin scheme |
| Rakennusalan käännetty alv | construction-sector reverse charge |

Translator's note: Finland raised the standard VAT rate from 24% to **25.5% with effect from 1 September 2024** — always flag the applicable rate by date. Åland is outside the EU VAT territory for certain purposes (e.g., intra-Community supplies between Åland and mainland Finland require Åland treatment as a third-country territory for VAT, even though Åland is part of Finland) — flag if the transaction involves Åland.

## 4. Withholding Taxes and Cross-Border Items

| Finnish term | English |
|---|---|
| Osinkojen lähdevero | dividend WHT (standard 20% for companies, 30% for individuals; treaty-reduced) |
| Korkojen lähdevero | interest WHT (generally 0% for non-residents on most interest) |
| Rojalti | royalty (generally 20% company / 30% individual; treaty-reduced) |
| Työkorvaus / palkka-lähdevero | service-compensation / wage WHT |
| Avainhenkilölähdevero | key-employee source tax (35% flat for qualifying inbound foreign experts; max 48 months) |
| Rajoitetusti verovelvollinen | non-resident (limited tax liability) |
| Yleisesti verovelvollinen | resident (unlimited tax liability) |
| Kansainvälisen kaksinkertaisen verotuksen poistaminen | elimination of international double taxation |
| Menetelmälaki | Methods Act (Laki kansainvälisen kaksinkertaisen verotuksen poistamisesta) |
| Hyvitysmenetelmä | credit method |
| Vapautusmenetelmä | exemption method |
| Verosopimus | tax treaty |
| Emo-tytäryhtiödirektiivi | EU Parent-Subsidiary Directive |
| Korko-rojaltidirektiivi | EU Interest and Royalties Directive |
| Monenvälinen yleissopimus (MLI) | Multilateral Instrument (MLI) |
| Pääasiallisen tarkoituksen testi (PPT) | principal purpose test |
| Asuinvaltio | state of residence |
| Lähdevaltio | source state |
| Kiinteä toimipaikka | permanent establishment (PE) |

Translator's note: the **avainhenkilölähdevero** is the Finnish equivalent of the Danish forskerskat / Dutch 30%-ruling — a flat 35% withholding on gross salary of qualifying inbound foreign experts for up to 48 months (extended from 24 months in 2020). Translate as "key-employee source tax" or "inbound expert source tax" and flag the statutory basis (Laki ulkomailta tulevan palkansaajan lähdeverosta).

## 5. Residency, PE, Allocation

| Finnish term | English |
|---|---|
| Yleinen verovelvollisuus | unlimited tax liability (residence) |
| Rajoitettu verovelvollisuus | limited tax liability (non-residence) |
| Asuinpaikka / kotipaikka | residence / domicile |
| Tosiasiallinen johtopaikka | place of effective management |
| Kiinteä toimipaikka (KTP) | permanent establishment (PE) |
| Pysyvä edustaja | dependent agent |
| Tulon kohdentaminen | income attribution |
| Tulon lähteen maa | source country |
| Maastapoistumisverotus | exit taxation |
| Maastapoistumisvero (yhteisöt) | corporate exit tax (TVL 51e § / EVL 51e §; ATAD I) |
| Luonnollisen henkilön maastapoistumisvero | individual exit tax (in force from 1 January 2023 for substantial-holding individuals; TVL 30a §) |

Translator's note: Finland introduced a general individual exit tax with effect from 1 January 2023 (TVL 30a §), applying to substantial shareholders who have been Finnish-resident ≥4 of the last 10 years — translate as "individual exit tax" and flag the effective date. The corporate exit tax (ATAD I) has been in force since 2020.

## 6. Transfer Pricing and Anti-Avoidance

| Finnish term | English |
|---|---|
| Siirtohinnoittelu | transfer pricing |
| Markkinaehtoperiaate | arm's length principle (VML 31 §) |
| Siirtohinnoittelun dokumentointi | TP documentation (VML 14a–14c §) |
| Master file / local file / maakohtainen raportointi | master file / local file / CbCR |
| Ennakkosopimus (APA) | APA |
| Vertailuanalyysi | comparability analysis |
| Etuyhteys | related-party relationship (VML 31 § 2 mom.) |
| Intressiyhteys | associated-enterprise relationship |
| VML 31 § siirtohinnoitteluoikaisu | transfer pricing adjustment under VML 31 § |
| Veronkiertosäännös (VML 28 §) | general anti-avoidance rule (VML 28 §) |
| Peitelty osinko (VML 29 §) | disguised dividend (VML 29 §) |
| Vilpillinen veron välttäminen | fraudulent tax avoidance |
| Korkomenojen vähennyskelpoisuuden rajoitus | interest deduction limitation (EVL 18a § — 25% EBITDA; 30% EBITDA up to 2017) |
| Korkoihin liittyvä EVL 18a § | EVL 18a § (earnings stripping; €500k safe harbour, 25% EBITDA, equity escape clause) |
| Hybridijärjestelyt | hybrid mismatch arrangements (ATAD 2; Laki eräiden rajat ylittävien hybridijärjestelyjen verotuksesta) |
| Väliyhteisölaki | CFC Act (Laki ulkomaisten väliyhteisöjen osakkaiden verotuksesta; ATAD I implementation since 2019) |
| Väliyhteisötulo | CFC income |
| DAC6 / Rajat ylittäviä järjestelyjä koskeva raportointi | DAC6 mandatory disclosure (Laki raportoitavista järjestelyistä verotuksen alalla) |
| Pilari 2 / Minimiverotus | Pillar Two / minimum tax |
| Laki suurten konsernien vähimmäisverosta | Minimum Tax Act for Large Groups (in force from 1 January 2024) |
| Kotimainen täydennysvero (QDMTT) | qualified domestic minimum top-up tax |
| IIR (tuloksi lukemissääntö) | income inclusion rule |
| UTPR (aliverotettujen voittojen sääntö) | undertaxed profits rule |

Translator's note: **VML 28 §** (the GAAR) and **VML 29 §** (disguised dividend) are distinct — 28 § is a general anti-avoidance tool applied where transactions have been given a legal form that does not correspond to their economic substance "with a view to avoiding tax"; 29 § specifically re-characterises certain shareholder benefits as disguised dividends. The **Pilari 2** act is the **Laki suurten konsernien vähimmäisverosta** in force from 1 January 2024 (FY starting on or after 31 December 2023) for IIR/QDMTT; UTPR from 1 January 2025.

## 7. Procedure and Compliance

| Finnish term | English |
|---|---|
| Verotusmenettely | tax assessment procedure |
| Veroilmoitus | tax return |
| Verotuspäätös | tax assessment decision |
| Ennakkoverot | prepayments (advance tax) |
| Ennakonpidätys | withholding at source on wages (by employer) |
| Oma-aloitteinen vero | self-assessed tax (VAT, wage WHT, etc.) |
| Verotuksen toimittaminen | conduct of assessment |
| Verovuosi | tax year (calendar year for individuals; financial year for business) |
| Verotuksen päättyminen | completion of assessment |
| Verotarkastus | tax audit |
| Verotarkastuskertomus | tax audit report |
| Veronkorotus | tax increase (administrative penalty) |
| Myöhästymismaksu | late-filing penalty |
| Verovilppi / veronkavallus | tax fraud / evasion |
| Kirjanpitovelvollisuus | bookkeeping obligation |
| Tositeaineiston säilyttämisvelvollisuus | obligation to retain accounting records (6 years + fiscal year) |
| Kuuleminen | hearing (administrative) |
| Selvityspyyntö | request for information |
| Tietojenantovelvollisuus | duty to provide information |
| Viivästyskorko | late-payment interest |
| Huojennettu viivästyskorko | reduced late-payment interest |
| Sitova ennakkoratkaisu | binding advance ruling (Verohallinto or KHO) |
| Ennakkotieto | advance information (older form) |
| Veronsaajien oikeudenvalvontayksikkö (VOVA) | Tax Recipients' Legal Unit (represents state/municipal tax interest in appeals) |

Translator's note: **veronkorotus** is an administrative penalty for incorrect returns — translate as "tax increase" or "administrative tax penalty" (avoid "tax surcharge" which may ambiguate with other levies). The Finnish **veronsaajien oikeudenvalvontayksikkö (VOVA)** is a distinctive actor: a state-paid unit within Verohallinto that represents the combined interests of all tax recipients (state, municipalities, church, Social Insurance Institution) in contested assessments — translate as "Tax Recipients' Legal Unit" and explain on first mention.

## 8. Authorities, Litigation, Criminal

| Finnish term | English |
|---|---|
| Verohallinto (Vero) | Finnish Tax Administration |
| Konserniverokeskus | Large Taxpayers' Office |
| Henkilöverotuksen ohjaus- ja kehittämisyksikkö | Individual Taxation Guidance Unit |
| Harmaan talouden selvitysyksikkö | Grey Economy Information Unit |
| Tulli | Customs |
| Valtiovarainministeriö | Ministry of Finance |
| Oikaisuvaatimus | rectification claim (first-level administrative remedy, to verotuksen oikaisulautakunta) |
| Verotuksen oikaisulautakunta | Board of Adjustment (internal review) |
| Hallinto-oikeus (HAO) | Administrative Court |
| Korkein hallinto-oikeus (KHO) | Supreme Administrative Court |
| Valitus | appeal |
| Valituslupa | leave to appeal |
| Ennakkopäätös (KHO) | precedent decision (KHO yearbook case, e.g., KHO 2023:XX) |
| Veropetos (RL 29 luku 1–3 §) | tax fraud (Criminal Code Ch. 29, §§ 1–3) |
| Törkeä veropetos | aggravated tax fraud |
| Lievä veropetos | minor tax fraud |
| Verorikkomus | tax offence (RL 29:4) |
| Kirjanpitorikos | accounting offence |

Translator's note: Finnish tax appeals run **Verohallinto → Board of Adjustment → Administrative Court → Supreme Administrative Court (KHO)**. **KHO** precedent decisions are cited as *KHO 2023:XX* (yearbook) or *KHO YYYY/XXXX* (unpublished). Translate **KHO** as "Supreme Administrative Court" — the Finnish system separates administrative and general jurisdictions, so tax matters never go to the Supreme Court (*Korkein oikeus / KKO*), which handles civil/criminal.

## 9. M&A and Restructuring Interface

| Finnish term | English |
|---|---|
| Sulautuminen (absorptio / kombinaatio) | merger (absorption / new-company) |
| Jakautuminen (kokonaisjakautuminen / osittaisjakautuminen) | division (complete / partial) |
| Liiketoimintasiirto | business transfer (asset contribution, tax-neutral) |
| Osakevaihto | share exchange |
| EVL 52–52g § | EVL 52–52g § (tax-neutral reorganisations; Merger Directive implementation) |
| Veroneutraali yritysjärjestely | tax-neutral reorganisation |
| Jatkuvuuden periaate | continuity principle |
| Käyttöomaisuusosakkeiden luovutus (EVL 6b §) | disposal of fixed-asset shares (participation exemption) |
| 10 %:n omistus / 1 v omistusaika | 10% ownership / 1-year holding (participation-exemption conditions) |
| Konserniavustus osana yritysjärjestelyä | group contribution in reorganisations |
| Tappioiden siirtyminen sulautumisessa/jakautumisessa | loss carryover in mergers/divisions (TVL 123 §) |
| Tappioiden käytön menettäminen omistajanvaihdoksessa | loss forfeiture on change of ownership (TVL 122 §) |
| Poikkeuslupa (TVL 122.3 §) | dispensation permit (preserving losses after control change) |
| Fuusiotappio / sulautumistappio | merger loss (not deductible since 2009) |
| Varainsiirtovero yritysjärjestelyssä | transfer tax in reorganisations |
| Varainsiirtovero osakeluovutuksesta (1.5 % → 1.5% / 3% / 4%) | transfer tax on share transfers |
| Varainsiirtovero kiinteistöstä (3% / 4% entinen) | transfer tax on real estate (3% from 1 January 2024; was 4%) |
| Liikearvon poisto | goodwill amortisation (over useful life, max 10 years) |
| Peiteltyjen osinkojen säännöt yritysjärjestelyssä | disguised dividend rules in restructurings |

Translator's note: Finland enacted a **transfer-tax rate reduction effective 1 January 2024** under the Orpo government: real estate from 4% → 3%; securities (other than housing/real-estate-company shares) from 1.6% → 1.5%; housing-company shares from 2% → 1.5%. The rate change also applied **retroactively** to transfers from 12 October 2023 in certain cases. Always flag the transfer date and the applicable rate.

## 10. Personal, Inheritance and Wealth Interface

| Finnish term | English |
|---|---|
| Ansiotuloverotus | earned income taxation (progressive state + flat municipal) |
| Pääomatuloverotus | capital income taxation (flat 30% up to €30,000; 34% above) |
| Eläketulon lisävero | additional pension income tax |
| Kunnallisvero | municipal tax (flat, municipality-set) |
| Kirkollisvero | church tax (Evangelical-Lutheran / Orthodox) |
| Yleisradiovero (Yle-vero) | broadcast tax (Yle tax) |
| Sairausvakuutusmaksu | sickness insurance contribution |
| Pakollinen eläkevakuutusmaksu | mandatory pension contribution |
| Työtulovähennys | earned income allowance |
| Kotitalousvähennys | household deduction (tax credit for home services/renovation) |
| Asunnon luovutusvoitto | gain on sale of dwelling (exempt if owned + used as own home ≥ 2 years) |
| Oman asunnon luovutusvoitto | capital gain on own home |
| Myyntivoittovero / luovutusvoittovero | capital gains tax |
| Perintöverolaki | Inheritance Tax Act |
| Perintövero | inheritance tax (progressive I/II class) |
| Lahjavero | gift tax |
| Perintöosuus | inheritance share |
| Veroluokka I / II | tax class I (close relatives) / II (others) |
| Sukupolvenvaihdoshuojennus (PerVL 55 §) | generational-transfer relief (farm/business succession) |

Translator's note: Finland's **capital income tax** is a flat 30% up to €30,000 and 34% above. **Earned income** is taxed progressively at the state level plus flat municipal (≈18–23%), plus church and Yle components. The **sukupolvenvaihdoshuojennus (PerVL 55 §)** is the generational-transfer relief in inheritance and gift tax for transfers of farms/businesses to successors who continue the activity — translate as "generational-transfer relief" (do not confuse with income tax roll-over relief).

## 11. Tax Incentives, Innovation, Real-Estate Facilities

| Finnish term | English |
|---|---|
| Tutkimus- ja kehittämistoiminnan lisävähennys | additional R&D deduction (150% deduction; Laki tutkimus- ja kehittämistoiminnan yhdistelmävähennyksestä) |
| Yhdistelmävähennys | combined R&D deduction (general 50% + incremental 45%; from 2023) |
| Tutkimus- ja kehittämistoiminnan verokannustin | R&D tax incentive |
| Poistoerä ja varaus | depreciation balance and reserve |
| Korotettu poisto | enhanced depreciation (e.g., double declining-balance for 2020–2025 machinery investments) |
| Toimintavaraus | operating reserve (max 30% of wage liability, for small business) |
| Jälleenhankintavaraus | replacement reserve (for fixed-asset sales) |
| Tonnistoverolaki | Tonnage Tax Act |
| Tonnistovero | tonnage tax (for qualifying shipping) |

Translator's note: Finland introduced a new **combined R&D deduction** (yhdistelmävähennys) from 1 January 2023 — a general 50% extra deduction on R&D wage/service costs plus a 45% incremental deduction on increases versus prior year. Translate as "combined R&D deduction" and flag the year.

## 12. Customs and Excise

| Finnish term | English |
|---|---|
| Tullit | customs duties |
| Valmistevero | excise duty |
| Alkoholiverolaki | Alcohol Excise Act |
| Tupakkavero | tobacco excise duty |
| Polttoainevero | fuel excise duty |
| Sähkövero / sähkön valmistevero | electricity excise duty |
| Virvoitusjuomavero | soft-drinks excise duty |
| Autovero | car tax (registration tax; phased-down since 2021 for low-CO2 cars) |
| Ajoneuvovero | vehicle tax (annual) |
| Kaivosvero | mining tax (royalty/levy; proposed reform; in force from 2024 as "kaivosmineraalivero") |
| Jätevero | waste tax |

## 13. Verbal Anchors — Tax Context

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| olla verovelvollinen | to be liable to tax |
| olla verovapaa | to be tax-exempt |
| vähentää (verotuksessa) | to deduct (for tax purposes) |
| kantaa / periä veroa | to levy / to collect tax |
| pidättää lähdevero | to withhold source tax |
| tilittää vero | to remit tax |
| jättää veroilmoitus | to file a tax return |
| toimittaa verotus | to conduct the assessment |
| hakea muutosta | to seek amendment / to appeal |
| vanhentua | to become time-barred |
| kohdentaa (tulo / meno / vähennys) | to allocate / attribute |
| katsoa (verotuksessa) X:ksi | to deem/regard as X for tax purposes |
| soveltaa | to apply |
| peittää / peitellä | to conceal / disguise |
| luokitella | to classify |
| lukea tuloksi | to include in income |
| hyvittää (vero) | to credit (tax) |
| käsitellä verotuksessa | to treat for tax purposes |
| verotetaan elinkeinotulolähteessä/henkilökohtaisessa lähteessä | taxed in the business / personal source |

## 14. Section Headings — Common Tax-Document Rubrics

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| Verovelvollisuus ja verojärjestelmä | Tax liability and regime |
| Veron peruste | Tax base |
| Verokannat | Tax rates |
| Vähennykset ja vapautukset | Deductions and exemptions |
| Osinkoverotus | Dividend taxation |
| Lähdeverotus | Withholding taxation |
| Veronkierron estäminen | Anti-avoidance |
| Veroilmoitus, verotus ja maksaminen | Return, assessment and payment |
| Muutoksenhaku | Appeals / remedies |
| Seuraamukset ja korot | Penalties and interest |
| Kansainvälinen verotus | International taxation |
| Yritysjärjestelyt ja verotus | Reorganisations and taxation |

## 15. Notes and Cautions

- **Citation style.** Finnish statutes are cited as *Act name (abbreviation) section§*, e.g., *EVL 6b §*, *TVL 122 §*. Sections use the § sign and are sometimes further subdivided by momentti (e.g., *VML 31 § 2 mom.*). In English translation, render as "EVL 6b §" on first mention with a gloss ("Business Income Tax Act § 6b") and "EVL § 6b" thereafter. Preserve the § symbol where space allows.
- **KHO yearbook cases.** Cited as *KHO 2023:45* (yearbook / reported) or *KHO 15.2.2024 T 456* (by date and diary number). ECLI identifiers (ECLI:FI:KHO:...) are also used since 2013.
- **Parallel regimes.** The EVL/TVL/MVL tri-regime split is unique in Europe. A company generally applies EVL to business income; but gains from non-business investments, certain real estate, and agriculture may fall under TVL or MVL with different loss-offsetting and rate rules. Always flag the regime.
- **2024 VAT increase.** Standard VAT rose from 24% → 25.5% on 1 September 2024. Other 2024–2025 reforms: the 10% reduced rate for certain goods (confectionery) moved to 14%, and the 14% reduced rate for books/pharmaceuticals stayed at 14%/10% respectively (check the latest table).
- **2024 transfer-tax cut.** Real estate transfers: 4% → 3%; securities (other than housing/real-estate company shares): 1.6% → 1.5%; housing-company shares: 2% → 1.5%. Retroactive to 12 October 2023 for certain transactions. Flag the transfer date.
- **Pillar Two.** Laki suurten konsernien vähimmäisverosta in force from 1 January 2024 (FY starting on or after 31 December 2023) for QDMTT and IIR; UTPR from 1 January 2025. Use "minimum top-up tax".
- **Group contribution strictness.** The konserniavustus system is formalistic: both companies must be Finnish *osakeyhtiö* / *osuuskunta*, ≥90% ownership for the entire tax year, 5-year minimum holding, and the contribution must be **both deducted by payer and booked as income by recipient** in the same tax year. Any formal defect disqualifies the contribution. Translators should preserve "group contribution" and not render as "consolidation".
- **Individual exit tax.** Introduced from 1 January 2023 (TVL 30a §) for substantial-holding individuals (>€500,000 of unrealised gain on shares/securities) moving abroad after ≥4 of 10 years of Finnish residence.
- **R&D combined deduction.** The Laki tutkimus- ja kehittämistoiminnan yhdistelmävähennyksestä (in force from 2023, extending prior 2021 additional deduction) provides a 50% + 45% incremental structure. Translate as "combined R&D deduction".
- **False friends.**
  - *Vero* → tax (not "blood" — the similar Swedish *blod*/Finnish *veri* is unrelated).
  - *Vero + hallinto* → tax administration.
  - *Osinko* → dividend (not "portion").
  - *Lähdevero* → withholding tax at source / source tax (not "source-verb").
  - *Veronalainen* → subject to tax / assessable (not "tax-alien").
  - *Veronkierto* → tax avoidance/evasion (context-dependent; Finnish law does not sharply separate the terms — *veronkiertoa* covers both abusive avoidance and evasion; translate as "tax avoidance" with "tax evasion" reserved for criminal contexts).
  - *Yhtiövero* vs *yhteisövero* → the older term *yhtiövero* and current *yhteisövero* both translate as "CIT"; prefer *yhteisövero* in modern usage.
  - *Rajoitettu verovelvollisuus* → limited tax liability (non-residence), not "restricted".
  - *Peitelty osinko* → disguised dividend / constructive dividend.
  - *Huojennus* → relief/mitigation (in inheritance, succession and tax-increase contexts); not "reduction" in a price sense.
  - *Valtionvero* → state (income) tax; distinguish from *kunnallisvero* (municipal tax).
- **Bilingual jurisdiction.** Finland is officially bilingual (Finnish / Swedish). Where the source text is Swedish (e.g., from Åland), translate from Swedish using Swedish tax-law conventions but note that the Finnish tax system applies. Key equivalences: *samfundsskatt* = yhteisövero = CIT; *inkomstskatt* = tulovero; *lag om beskattning av inkomst av näringsverksamhet (NärSkL)* = EVL; *förskottsuppbörd* = ennakkoperintä.
- **Åland VAT special status.** Åland is within Finnish VAT jurisdiction domestically but outside the EU VAT territory for intra-Community purposes. Supplies between Åland and mainland Finland are treated as third-country movements for EU-VAT recapitulative-statement and distance-sales purposes. Flag Åland-related VAT issues explicitly.

## Additional Finnish Tax Mappings (extended)

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| verottaja | Tax Administration (colloquial) |
| keskusverolautakunta (KVL) | Central Tax Board |
| hallinto-oikeus (verotus) | Administrative Court (tax division) |
| siirtohinnoitteludokumentaatio | transfer-pricing documentation (Master File / Local File) |
| CFC-sääntely / väliyhteisölaki | CFC (Controlled Foreign Company) rules |
| korkovähennysrajoitus (EBITDA-rajoitus) | interest-deduction limitation / EBITDA cap (ATAD implementation) |
| EVL (elinkeinoverolaki) | Business Income Tax Act |
| TVL (tuloverolaki) | Income Tax Act |
| MVL (maatilatalouden tuloverolaki) | Agricultural Income Tax Act |
| käänteinen arvonlisävero / käännetty verovelvollisuus | reverse-charge VAT |
| yleishyödyllinen yhteisö | non-profit entity (public-benefit) |
| arvonlisäveroryhmä / konsernirekisteröinti | VAT group / consolidated VAT registration |
| listattu osake / listaamaton osake | listed / unlisted share |
| osinkotulon verotus | dividend taxation |
| pääomatulo / ansiotulo | capital income / earned income |
| käyttöomaisuusosake (KO-osake) — EVL 6b § | qualifying business-asset share |
| luovutusvoitto / luovutustappio | capital gain / capital loss |
| verovapaa luovutusvoitto (EVL 6b §) | tax-exempt capital gain (participation exemption) |
| holding-yhtiö | holding company |
| hyvityslasku | credit invoice |
| veropetos | tax fraud |
| veronkierto | tax avoidance (aggressive) / tax evasion |
| veron kierto (VML 28 §) | general anti-avoidance rule (GAAR) |
| rajat ylittävät järjestelyt (DAC6) | cross-border arrangements (DAC6 reporting) |
| maksuvalvonta / ilmoitusvelvollisuus | reporting obligation |
| pillari kaksi / minimiverodirektiivi | Pillar Two / Minimum Tax Directive |
