# Chinese — IP, Technology and IT Sub-Lexicon

Combines Chinese-language IP/technology and IT/SaaS vocabulary. Part 1 covers copyright, industrial property (patents, designs, trade marks), trade secrets and technology transfer. Part 2 covers software licensing, SaaS/cloud services, implementation projects, SLAs, data processing and cybersecurity.

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## Part 1 — Intellectual Property and Technology

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Chinese (Mandarin) intellectual property
and technology legal terms to their correct English equivalents.

## Core IP Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 知识产权 | intellectual property (IP) |
| 工业产权 | industrial property |
| 著作权 / 版权 | copyright |
| 精神权利 / 人身权 (著作权) | moral rights |
| 财产权 / 经济权利 (著作权) | economic rights / exploitation rights |
| 复制权 | right of reproduction |
| 信息网络传播权 | right of communication through information networks |
| 专利 | patent |
| 专利申请 | patent application |
| 专利授权 / 专利授予 | grant of a patent |
| 权利要求 | claim (patent claim) |
| 说明书 | specification |
| 现有技术 | prior art |
| 专利侵权 | infringement |
| 侵权诉讼 | infringement proceedings / infringement action |
| 商标 / 注册商标 | trade mark (UK) / trademark (US) |
| 商标注册 | trade mark registration |
| 尼斯分类 | class (trade mark class) |
| 商号 / 企业名称 | trade name / corporate name |
| 外观设计 / 设计专利 | design (registered design) / design patent |
| 商业秘密 | trade secret |
| 技术秘密 / 专有技术 | know-how / technical secret |
| 植物新品种权 | plant variety right |
| 地理标志 | geographical indication |
| 实用新型 | utility model |
| 集成电路布图设计 | integrated circuit layout design |

## Licensing and Transfer Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 许可合同 / 许可协议 | licence agreement (UK) / license agreement (US) |
| 独占许可 | exclusive license |
| 排他许可 | sole license |
| 普通许可 / 非独占许可 | non-exclusive license |
| 许可方 / 许可人 | licensor |
| 被许可方 / 被许可人 | licensee |
| 许可使用费 / 特许权使用费 | royalty |
| 一次性许可费 | lump-sum royalty / one-off license fee |
| 持续性许可费 / 按量许可费 | running royalty |
| 分许可 / 再许可 | sub-licence (UK) / sub-license (US) |
| 权利转让 / 知识产权转让 | assignment of rights |
| 专利转让 | patent assignment |
| 商标转让 | trade mark assignment |
| 技术转让 | technology transfer |
| 研究与开发合同 (研发) | research and development (R&D) agreement |
| 成果归属 / 知识产权归属 | ownership of results / IP ownership |
| 背景知识产权 / 在先知识产权 | background IP / pre-existing IP |
| 前景知识产权 / 新产生的知识产权 | foreground IP / developed IP |
| 自由实施 / FTO分析 | freedom to operate (FTO) |
| 许可地域 | licensed territory |
| 使用领域 | field of use |

## Enforcement Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 侵权诉讼 / 侵权之诉 | infringement action / infringement proceedings |
| 临时禁令 / 行为保全 | preliminary injunction / interim injunction |
| 停止侵害 / 禁令 | injunction / cease and desist |
| 损害赔偿 | damages |
| 销毁侵权产品 | destruction of infringing goods |
| 证据保全 | preservation of evidence |
| 不正当竞争 | unfair competition |
| 仿冒 / 假冒 | counterfeiting / imitation |
| 惩罚性赔偿 | punitive damages |

## Section Headings

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 定义 | DEFINITIONS |
| 许可范围 | SCOPE OF THE LICENSE |
| 授权 / 许可权利 | RIGHTS GRANTED |
| 期限与终止 | TERM AND TERMINATION |
| 保证 | WARRANTIES |
| 侵权 | INFRINGEMENT |
| 保密 | CONFIDENTIALITY |
| 一般条款 | MISCELLANEOUS |

## Notes

- **PRC Patent Law (专利法)**: Revised in 2020 (4th amendment, effective June 2021).
  Key changes include patent term extensions for pharmaceutical patents, introduction of
  punitive damages, and open licensing. Reference as "Patent Law" on first mention.
- **PRC Trademark Law (商标法)**: Revised in 2019. Added provisions against bad-faith
  filings and increased damages. Reference as "Trademark Law" on first mention.
- **PRC Copyright Law (著作权法)**: Revised in 2020 (effective June 2021). Added
  protections for audiovisual works and increased statutory damages. Reference as
  "Copyright Law" on first mention.
- **"实用新型" (utility model)**: A PRC-specific IP right — a "petty patent" for less
  inventive technical solutions. Examination is less rigorous than for invention patents.
  No direct equivalent in US/UK law. Translate as "utility model" or "utility model patent".
- **CNIPA (国家知识产权局)**: The China National Intellectual Property Administration —
  handles patent and trade mark examination and registration. Reference as "China National
  Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA)" on first mention.
- **"惩罚性赔偿"**: The 2020 Patent Law and 2019 Trademark Law introduced punitive damages
  (up to 5x actual damages) for intentional IP infringement. This is a significant
  enforcement development. Flag when translating IP enforcement provisions.
- **Technology export controls**: Technology transfer by PRC entities may be subject to
  export control under the PRC Export Control Law (2020) and the Catalog of Technologies
  Prohibited or Restricted from Export. Always flag cross-border technology licensing.

---

## Part 2 — IT, Software and SaaS

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Chinese (Mandarin) IT/SaaS legal terms
to their correct English equivalents.

## Core IT/SaaS Document Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| SaaS协议 / 软件即服务协议 | SaaS agreement |
| 软件许可协议 | software licence agreement (UK) / software license agreement (US) |
| 云服务协议 | cloud services agreement |
| 软件开发合同 | software development agreement |
| 维护合同 | maintenance agreement |
| 系统集成合同 | systems integration agreement |
| 托管协议 / 主机托管协议 | hosting agreement |
| IT外包协议 | IT outsourcing agreement / managed services agreement |
| 提供方 / 服务商 | provider / supplier |
| 客户 / 用户 | customer / user |
| 最终用户 / 终端用户 | end user |
| 使用权 / 用户许可 | right of use / user license |
| 访问权 | access right |
| 订阅 | subscription |
| 订阅费 | subscription fee |
| 许可费 | license fee |
| 实施费 / 部署费 | set-up fees / implementation fees |
| 维护费 | maintenance fees |

## Technical Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 软件 | software |
| 标准软件 / 通用软件 | off-the-shelf software / standard software |
| 定制软件 | bespoke software / custom software |
| 源代码 / 源码 | source code |
| 目标代码 | object code |
| 源代码托管 | source code escrow |
| 应用程序接口 (API) | application programming interface (API) |
| 数据库 | database |
| 基础设施 | infrastructure |
| 服务器 | server |
| 数据中心 | data centre (UK) / data center (US) |
| 带宽 | bandwidth |
| 存储 / 存储空间 | storage |
| 数据备份 / 备份 | backup |
| 恢复 / 还原 | recovery / restore |
| 数据迁移 | data migration |
| 互操作性 | interoperability |
| 集成 | integration |
| 配置 / 参数化 | configuration |
| 定制化 / 个性化 | customisation (UK) / customization (US) |
| 更新 | update |
| 升级 | upgrade |
| 补丁 / 修复 | patch / hotfix |
| 版本 / 发布 | release / version |
| 生产环境 | production environment |
| 测试环境 / 预发布环境 | test environment / staging environment |

## Service Level Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 服务水平 / 服务等级 | service level |
| 服务水平协议 (SLA) | service level agreement (SLA) |
| 可用性 / 正常运行时间 | availability / uptime |
| 可用性指标 / 正常运行率 | availability rate / uptime percentage |
| 停机时间 / 宕机时间 | downtime |
| 计划维护 / 维护窗口 | scheduled downtime / planned maintenance |
| 响应时间 | response time |
| 解决时间 | resolution time |
| 事件 / 故障 | incident |
| 重大事件 / 严重故障 | major incident / critical incident |
| 事件管理 | incident management |
| 升级 / 上报 | escalation |
| 服务积分 / 服务信用 | service credits |
| 灾难恢复计划 (DRP) | disaster recovery plan (DRP) |
| 业务连续性计划 (BCP) | business continuity plan (BCP) |
| 恢复时间目标 (RTO) | recovery time objective (RTO) |
| 恢复点目标 (RPO) | recovery point objective (RPO) |

## Data Protection and Security

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 个人信息 / 个人数据 | personal data / personal information |
| 个人信息处理者 | personal information processor (controller equivalent under PIPL) |
| 受托处理者 | entrusted processor (processor equivalent under PIPL) |
| 个人信息处理委托协议 | data processing agreement (DPA) |
| 个人信息出境 / 数据跨境传输 | cross-border data transfer |
| 标准合同 (个人信息出境) | standard contract (for cross-border data transfer) |
| 个人信息保护影响评估 | personal information protection impact assessment |
| 个人信息泄露 / 数据泄露 | data breach |
| 加密 | encryption |
| 去标识化 | de-identification / pseudonymization (US default; UK / GDPR text: pseudonymisation) |
| 匿名化 | anonymization (US default; UK / GDPR text: anonymisation) |
| 技术和组织措施 | technical and organizational measures |
| 网络安全等级保护 (等保) | multi-level protection scheme (MLPS) / cybersecurity classified protection |

## Section Headings

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 服务范围 | SCOPE OF SERVICES |
| 使用权 / 许可 | RIGHT OF USE / LICENSE |
| 服务水平 | SERVICE LEVELS |
| 托管与基础设施 | HOSTING AND INFRASTRUCTURE |
| 维护与支持 | MAINTENANCE AND SUPPORT |
| 数据保护 / 个人信息保护 | DATA PROTECTION |
| 安全 | SECURITY |
| 费用与支付 | FEES AND PAYMENT |
| 责任 | LIABILITY |

## Notes

- **PIPL (个人信息保护法)**: China's Personal Information Protection Law — the PRC's
  principal data protection statute, effective November 1, 2021. Functionally similar to
  the GDPR but with significant differences (e.g., government access exemptions, data
  localization requirements). Reference as "Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL)"
  on first mention.
- **DSL (数据安全法)**: The Data Security Law — governs data classification, "important
  data" handling, and data export security reviews. Reference as "Data Security Law (DSL)"
  on first mention.
- **CSL (网络安全法)**: The Cybersecurity Law — imposes the multi-level protection scheme
  (等保 / MLPS) and network security obligations. Reference as "Cybersecurity Law (CSL)"
  on first mention.
- **"等保" (Multi-Level Protection Scheme)**: Mandatory cybersecurity classification
  system for information systems in China. Systems are classified into 5 levels; Level 3+
  requires formal assessment. Flag when translating IT/cloud agreements with PRC parties.
- **Data localization**: Certain categories of data (e.g., critical information
  infrastructure operators' personal information and "important data") must be stored
  within China. Cross-border transfer requires security assessment, standard contracts,
  or certification. Flag in all cloud/SaaS agreements.
- **CAC (国家互联网信息办公室 / 网信办)**: The Cyberspace Administration of China — the
  primary data protection and internet content regulator. Reference as "Cyberspace
  Administration of China (CAC)" on first mention.
