# Finnish — Finance / Banking Sub-Lexicon

> **Scope.** This sub-lexicon covers two closely-related domains in a single per-language file: **Finance & Banking** (primary) and **Trading & Capital Markets**. The two were merged here because their vocabulary overlaps heavily (debt instruments, securities, exchange regulation) and translators typically need both at once. The two cross-language English-reference lexicons remain split: see `references/finance-banking.md` and `references/trading-capital-markets.md` as separate files.


Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Finnish project and structured finance
legal terms to their correct English equivalents.

## Core Finance Document Terms

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| lainasopimus / luottosopimus | loan agreement / credit agreement |
| syndikoidun lainan sopimus | syndicated loan agreement |
| määräaikainen laina | term loan |
| valmiusluotto / luottolimiitti | revolving credit facility |
| siltarahoitus | bridge loan |
| projektirahoitus | project finance |
| strukturoitu rahoitus | structured finance |
| pääjärjestäjä | lead arranger / mandated lead arranger |
| asiamiespankki / agentti | facility agent |
| vakuusagentti | security agent |
| lainanottaja / velallinen | borrower |
| lainanantaja / luotonantaja | lender |
| takaaja | guarantor |
| takaus | guarantee / surety |
| sitoumuskirje | commitment letter |
| term sheet / ehdot | term sheet |

## Drawdown and Repayment Terms

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| nostoehdot / noston edellytykset | conditions precedent (to drawdown) |
| lainan nosto | drawdown / disbursement |
| takaisinmaksu / lyhennys | repayment / redemption |
| ennenaikainen takaisinmaksu | prepayment / early repayment |
| ennenaikaisen takaisinmaksun korvaus | prepayment penalty / break costs |
| lyhennysaikataulu | amortisation (UK) / amortization (US) schedule |
| kertamaksu / bullet-lyhennys | bullet repayment |
| korko | interest |
| viitekorko | reference rate / benchmark rate |
| euribor | Euribor |
| marginaali / korkomarginaali | margin / spread |
| sitoumuspalkkio | commitment fee |
| järjestelypalkkio | arrangement fee |
| agenttipalkkio | agent fee |
| viivästyskorko | default interest / late payment interest |

## Representations and Covenants

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| vakuutukset | representations and warranties |
| sitoumukset / kovenantit | covenants / undertakings |
| myönteiset sitoumukset | affirmative covenants |
| kielteiset sitoumukset / rajoittavat ehdot | negative covenants / restrictive covenants |
| taloudellinen tunnusluku / finanssikovenantit | financial covenants |
| nettovelkaantumisaste | net debt / EBITDA ratio |
| omavaraisuusaste | equity ratio |
| korkokate | interest cover ratio |
| eräännyttäminen / erääntyminen | acceleration |
| sopimusrikkomus / covenant-rikkomus | event of default |
| olennainen haitallinen muutos (MAC) | material adverse change (MAC) |
| ristiin eräännyttäminen / cross-default | cross-default |
| tiedonantovelvollisuus | information undertaking / reporting obligation |

## Security Terms (Finance)

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| vakuus / pantti | security / collateral |
| kiinteistökiinnitys | mortgage (over real property) |
| yrityskiinnitys | floating charge (enterprise mortgage) |
| panttaus (irtain) | pledge (over movables) |
| osakepanttaus | share pledge / equity pledge |
| saatavien panttaus | pledge of receivables |
| vakuusluovutus | security assignment |
| omistuksenpidätys | retention of title |
| etuoikeus | priority |
| toissijainen asema / alisteinen asema | subordination |
| pari passu -ehto | pari passu clause |
| negatiivinen panttauskielto | negative pledge clause |
| vakuuden realisointi | enforcement of security |
| velkojainvälinen sopimus | intercreditor agreement |

## Section Headings

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| määritelmät | DEFINITIONS |
| luotto / rahoitus | FACILITY |
| korko ja palkkiot | INTEREST AND FEES |
| takaisinmaksu | REPAYMENT |
| sitoumukset | COVENANTS |
| eräännyttämisperusteet | EVENTS OF DEFAULT |
| vakuudet | SECURITY |
| yleiset ehdot | MISCELLANEOUS |

## Notes

- **Finnish secured transactions**: Finland uses a system of enterprise mortgage
  (yrityskiinnitys) — a floating charge over the movable assets of a business, registered
  with the Patent and Registration Office (PRH). This is the primary non-possessory
  security over movables. Translate as "enterprise mortgage" or "floating charge" and note
  the registration requirement.
- **"Omavelkainen takaus"**: The standard Finnish guarantee — the guarantor is primarily
  liable alongside the debtor (not entitled to benefit of excussion). This is the default
  form. Translate as "guarantee (as a primary obligation)" and note the primary liability.
- **Nordic LMA**: Finnish syndicated loans typically follow LMA (Loan Market Association)
  documentation adapted for Finnish law. The terminology should align with LMA conventions
  with Finnish law modifications.
- **Euribor**: The standard reference rate for EUR-denominated Finnish loans. EONIA has
  been replaced by €STR. Flag the applicable benchmark.
- **"Yrityskiinnitys"**: Registered at PRH (Patent and Registration Office). Covers all
  movable property of the enterprise — inventory, equipment, receivables. Does not cover
  real property or shares. Priority determined by registration order. Flag the scope.

- **Credit Institutions Act (laki luottolaitostoiminnasta, 610/2014)**: Finland's principal
  banking legislation. Implements the CRD IV/V package. Reference as "Credit Institutions
  Act" on first mention.
- **ECB/SSM supervision**: Finnish significant banks are directly supervised by the ECB
  under the Single Supervisory Mechanism. The FIN-FSA supervises less significant
  institutions. Flag the applicable supervisor.
- **"Yrityskiinnitys" (enterprise mortgage / floating charge)**: A registered security
  interest over all movable assets of an enterprise. Registered with the PRH. Priority
  determined by registration order. Does not cover real property, shares, or specific
  pledged assets. Flag the scope limitations.
- **"Omavelkainen takaus"**: The standard Finnish guarantee — the guarantor is primarily
  liable (no benefit of excussion). Under the Guarantees and Third-Party Pledges Act
  (laki takauksesta ja vierasvelkapanttauksesta), private individuals acting as guarantors
  have specific consumer protections. Flag when a natural person guarantor is involved.
- **Nordea / OP / Danske**: The Finnish banking market is dominated by Nordea, OP Financial
  Group, and Danske Bank. Finnish banking documentation often follows LMA standards adapted
  for Finnish law and Nordic market practice.
- **AML (rahanpesulaki)**: Finland's Anti-Money Laundering Act implements the EU AML
  directives. Supervised by FIN-FSA for financial institutions. Finland also participates
  in the EU AML Authority framework. Flag AML obligations.

## Additional Guarantee Terms

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| toissijainen takaus | subsidiary guarantee / guarantee with benefit of excussion (Takauslaki 361/1999 default) |
| comfort letter / tukikirje | letter of comfort / letter of support |
| omavelkainen takaus | primary-obligation guarantee (Takauslaki 361/1999) — makes the guarantor directly liable without first recourse to the principal debtor |

## Regulatory Terms

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| laki luottolaitostoiminnasta | Credit Institutions Act |
| Finanssivalvonta (Fiva / FIN-FSA) | Financial Supervisory Authority (FIN-FSA) |
| Suomen Pankki | Bank of Finland |
| Euroopan keskuspankki (EKP) | European Central Bank (ECB) |
| yhteinen valvontamekanismi (SSM) | Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) |
| luottolaitos | credit institution |
| toimilupa / pankkitoimilupa | banking licence (UK) / banking license (US) |
| vakavaraisuussuhde | capital adequacy ratio |
| ydinpääoma (CET1) | Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) |
| ensisijainen pääoma (Tier 1) | Tier 1 capital |
| toissijainen pääoma (Tier 2) | Tier 2 capital |
| maksuvalmiusvaatimukset | liquidity requirements |
| suuret asiakasriskit | large exposure rules |
| raportointivelvollisuus | reporting obligations |
| rahanpesun ja terrorismin rahoittamisen estäminen | anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing |
| rahanpesulaki | Anti-Money Laundering Act |
| asiakkaan tunteminen (KYC) | customer due diligence (CDD) / know your customer (KYC) |
| epäilyttävä liiketoimi-ilmoitus | suspicious transaction report (STR) |
| pakotteiden noudattaminen | sanctions compliance |
| vaatimustenmukaisuus / compliance | compliance |
| kriisinratkaisu | resolution |
| rahoitusvakausviranomainen (RVV) | Financial Stability Authority |
| talletussuoja | deposit insurance |
| Rahoitusvakausrahasto | Financial Stability Fund |

## Payment and Account Terms

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| maksupalvelu | payment service |
| tilisiirto | credit transfer |
| suoraveloitus | direct debit |
| SEPA (yhtenäinen euromaksualue) | Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA) |
| tilisopimus | account agreement |
| käyttötili | current account (UK) / checking account (US) |
| määräaikaistalletus | fixed-term deposit / time deposit |
| escrow-tili / sulkutili | escrow account |
| remburssi / akkreditiivi | letter of credit (L/C) |
| pankkitakaus | bank guarantee |
| kolmannen osapuolen maksupalvelu | third-party payment service |

## Additional Finnish Finance / Banking Mappings (extended)

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| Talletussuojarahasto | Deposit Guarantee Fund |
| Rahoitusvakausvirasto | Financial Stability Authority |
| sijoituspalveluyritys | investment firm |
| maksulaitos | payment institution |
| sähköisen rahan liikkeeseenlaskija | electronic money institution |
| toimilupa | authorization / license |
| rahanpesulaki — 444/2017 | Anti-Money Laundering Act |
| tosiasiallinen edunsaaja (UBO) | ultimate beneficial owner (UBO) |
| epäilyttävä liiketoimi | suspicious transaction |
| rahanpesun selvittelykeskus | Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) |
| pankkiuudistukset | banking reforms |
| CRR (vakavaraisuusasetus) / CRD (vakavaraisuusdirektiivi) | Capital Requirements Regulation / Directive |
| MREL | Minimum Requirement for own funds and Eligible Liabilities |
| bail-in / velkojien vastuuvelvollisuus | bail-in |
| SRM / SRB | Single Resolution Mechanism / Single Resolution Board |
| SSM | Single Supervisory Mechanism |
| takauslaki — 361/1999 | Guarantees and Third-Party Pledges Act |
| kiinteistönhallintalaki | Real Estate Mortgage Act |
| yrityskiinnitys — rekisteröintijärjestys | enterprise mortgage — priority by registration date |
| lainhuuto- ja kiinnitysrekisteri | land and mortgage register |
| positiivinen pantinantovelvoite | positive pledge covenant |
| pantinvakuus / pantinrealisoimisoikeus | pledge security / right of realization |
| maksuvelvollisuuden lakkaaminen | discharge of payment obligation |
| saamisoikeuden siirto | assignment of receivables |
| saamisen kuolettaminen | amortization of receivable |
| joukkovelkakirjalaina | bond issue |
| joukkolainan liikkeeseenlaskuehdot | bond terms and conditions |
| Euroclear Finland | Euroclear Finland (CSD) |
| arvo-osuustili | book-entry account |
| arvopaperikeskus | central securities depository |
| Nasdaq Helsinki | Nasdaq Helsinki (Finnish stock exchange) |

---

## Trading & Capital Markets — Finnish

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Finnish trading and capital markets
legal terms to their correct English equivalents.

## Core Capital Markets Terms

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| pääomamarkkinat | capital market |
| rahamarkkinat | money market |
| arvopaperi | security / securities |
| arvopaperikauppa | securities trading |
| arvopaperipörssi | stock exchange |
| Helsingin pörssi / Nasdaq Helsinki | Helsinki Stock Exchange / Nasdaq Helsinki |
| pörssiyhtiö | listed company |
| listautuminen | listing |
| pörssilistalta poistaminen | delisting |
| listalleottoesite / esite | prospectus |
| liikkeeseenlaskija | issuer |
| sijoittaja | investor |
| institutionaalinen sijoittaja | institutional investor |
| yksityissijoittaja | retail investor |
| liikkeeseenlasku | issuance / issue |
| listautumisanti (IPO) | initial public offering (IPO) |
| suunnattu anti / private placement | private placement |
| osakeanti / yleisöanti | public offering |
| merkintäaika | subscription period |
| merkintähinta | subscription price / issue price |
| ylimerkintä | oversubscription |
| jakaminen / allokaatio | allotment / allocation |

## Equity Terms

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| osake | share (UK) / stock (US) |
| kantaosake | ordinary share (UK) / common stock (US) |
| etuoikeutettu osake | preference share (UK) / preferred stock (US) |
| osakesarja | share class / series of shares |
| optio-oikeus / optio | stock option / share option |
| omat osakkeet | treasury shares |
| osakeanti | share issue / capital increase |
| suunnattu osakeanti | directed share issue / private placement |
| osakkeiden jakaminen | share split / stock split |
| osinko | dividend |
| osakekurssi | share price / stock price |
| P/E-luku | price-to-earnings ratio (P/E) |
| julkinen ostotarjous | public tender offer / takeover bid |
| pakollinen ostotarjous | mandatory bid |
| liputusvelvollisuus / omistusosuusilmoitus | flagging obligation / major shareholding notification |

## Debt Capital Markets Terms

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| joukkovelkakirjalaina / joukkolaina | bond / debt security |
| yrityslaina | corporate bond |
| valtionlaina | government bond / sovereign bond |
| kuntien joukkovelkakirja | municipal bond |
| vaihtovelkakirjalaina | convertible bond |
| yritystodistus / kommerssipaperi | commercial paper |
| nimellisarvo | nominal value / face value / par value |
| liikkeeseenlaskun määrä | aggregate principal amount |
| kuponkikorko | coupon / interest rate |
| eräpäivä | maturity date |
| lunastus / takaisinmaksu | redemption |
| ennenaikainen lunastus | early redemption / call |
| lainaehdot | terms and conditions of the bonds |
| joukkolainan edustaja | bondholders' agent / bond trustee |
| joukkolainanhaltijoiden kokous | bondholders' meeting |

## Derivatives and Trading Terms

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| johdannainen | derivative |
| futuurisopimus | futures contract |
| termiinisopimus | forward contract |
| optio | option |
| osto-optio | call option |
| myyntioptio | put option |
| vaihtosopimus / swap | swap |
| koronvaihtosopimus | interest rate swap |
| valuutanvaihtosopimus | currency swap |
| ISDA-pääsopimus | ISDA Master Agreement |
| vakuus / marginaali | margin |
| lisävakuuspyyntö / margin call | margin call |
| sulkeminen / nettoutus | close-out / netting |
| markkina-arvo / käypä arvo | market value / fair value |
| kohde-etuus | underlying / underlying asset |

## Regulatory Terms

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| Finanssivalvonta (Fiva / FIN-FSA) | Financial Supervisory Authority (FIN-FSA) |
| arvopaperimarkkinalaki | Securities Markets Act |
| sisäpiirisääntely | insider regulation |
| sisäpiiritieto | inside information |
| tiedonantovelvollisuus / jatkuva tiedonanto | disclosure / continuous disclosure |
| EU:n markkinoiden väärinkäyttöasetus (MAR) | Market Abuse Regulation (MAR) |
| pakollinen tarjousvelvollisuus | mandatory bid obligation |
| arvopaperilainaus | securities lending |
| lyhyeksimyynti | short selling |
| sijoittajansuoja | investor protection |
| MiFID II | Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID II) |
| esiteasetus | Prospectus Regulation |

## Section Headings

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| liikkeeseenlaskun ehdot | TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF ISSUE |
| arvopaperien kuvaus | DESCRIPTION OF THE SECURITIES |
| riskitekijät | RISK FACTORS |
| tarjouksen ehdot | TERMS OF THE OFFER |
| listalle otto | ADMISSION TO TRADING |
| verotus | TAXATION |
| joukkolainan ehdot | BOND CONDITIONS |
| merkintä ja myynti | SUBSCRIPTION AND SALE |
| yleistä | GENERAL INFORMATION |

## Notes

- **Securities Markets Act (arvopaperimarkkinalaki, 746/2012)**: Finland's principal
  securities legislation, implementing MiFID II and other EU securities directives.
  Reference as "Securities Markets Act" on first mention.
- **FIN-FSA (Finanssivalvonta)**: The Financial Supervisory Authority — Finland's
  integrated financial regulator. Supervises banks, insurers, and securities markets.
  Reference as "Financial Supervisory Authority (FIN-FSA)" on first mention.
- **EU securities regulation**: As an EU member, Finland applies EU regulations directly
  (MAR, Prospectus Regulation, EMIR, SFDR, etc.). Finnish securities law must be read
  together with EU regulations. Flag the applicable EU regulation.
- **Nasdaq Helsinki**: Finland's stock exchange, operated by Nasdaq Nordic. Part of the
  Nasdaq Nordic market structure (Helsinki, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Iceland). Trading rules
  follow the Nasdaq Nordic Member Rules.
- **"Pakollinen ostotarjous" (mandatory bid)**: Under the Securities Markets Act, a
  shareholder acquiring more than 30% (or 50%) of voting rights in a listed company must
  make a mandatory bid for all remaining shares. Flag the thresholds.
- **Nordic securities tradition**: Finnish securities law shares common features with other
  Nordic jurisdictions. Nominee registration and the CSD system (Euroclear Finland) are
  important features. Flag when translating shareholding structures.
