# Chinese (Mandarin) — NDAs and Service Agreements Sub-Lexicon

Maps Chinese (Mandarin) confidentiality and services vocabulary to correct English
equivalents. Covers 保密协议/保密合同, and 服务合同, 咨询合同, 外包合同,
管理服务合同, 维护合同, SLA-s, MSA-s and SOW-s.

See also `chinese-corporate-ma-jv.md` and `chinese-ip-it-technology.md`.

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## Part 1 — NDAs / Confidentiality (保密)

### Core NDA Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 保密协议 | confidentiality agreement / non-disclosure agreement (NDA) |
| 保密合同 | non-disclosure agreement (NDA) |
| 单向保密协议 | unilateral NDA / one-way NDA |
| 双向保密协议 / 相互保密协议 | mutual NDA / bilateral NDA |
| 多方保密协议 | multilateral NDA |
| 披露方 | disclosing party |
| 接收方 / 受密方 | receiving party / recipient |
| 保密信息 | confidential information |
| 专有信息 | proprietary information |
| 商业秘密 | trade secret |
| 技术信息 | technical information |
| 商业数据 / 经营信息 | business data / business information |
| 技术秘密 / 技术诀窍 | technical know-how |
| 保密义务 | confidentiality obligation / duty of confidentiality |
| 保密责任 | duty of secrecy |
| 不披露义务 | non-disclosure obligation |
| 不使用义务 | non-use obligation |
| 许可用途 / 约定目的 | permitted purpose |
| 披露 | disclosure |
| 许可披露 | permitted disclosure |
| 授权接收人 | authorised recipients / permitted recipients |
| 按需知悉 | need-to-know basis |
| 董事、员工和顾问 | directors, employees and advisers |
| 关联方 / 关联公司 | affiliates |
| 不保证准确性 / 完整性 | no representation or warranty as to accuracy |
| 无约束力的承诺 | no binding commitment |
| 知识产权保留 | intellectual property reservation |
| 残留信息条款 | residuals clause |
| 标记为保密的要求 | marking requirement |

### M&A / Transactional NDA Provisions

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 禁止收购 / 保持不动条款 | standstill provision |
| 禁止挖角 / 禁止招揽员工 | non-solicitation of employees |
| 禁止绕开 / 禁止规避 | non-circumvention |
| 清洁团队 / 独立审查团队 | clean team |
| 数据室 / 虚拟数据室 (VDR) | data room |
| 数据室规则 | data room rules |

### Exceptions and Exclusions

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 保密义务的例外 | exceptions to confidentiality / exclusions |
| 公共领域信息 / 公知信息 | publicly available information / information in the public domain |
| 接收方已知信息 | information already known to the recipient |
| 独立开发的信息 | independently developed information |
| 从第三方合法获得的信息 | information received from a third party without restriction |
| 法律强制披露 | legally compelled disclosure / disclosure required by law |
| 法院命令 | court order |
| 法定披露义务 | statutory disclosure obligation |
| 事先通知披露方 | prior notice to the disclosing party |
| 举报人 / 吹哨人 | whistleblowing carve-out |

### Protection and Remedies

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 保护措施 | protective measures |
| 合理注意义务 | reasonable degree of care |
| 安全措施 | security measures |
| 返还信息 | return of information |
| 销毁信息 | destruction of information |
| 销毁证明 | certificate of destruction |
| 备份 / 档案例外 | back-up / archival exception |
| 违反保密义务 | breach of confidentiality |
| 不可弥补的损害 | irreparable harm |
| 禁令 / 临时禁令 | injunctive relief / interim measures |
| 行为保全 / 诉前禁令 | preservation order / pre-trial injunction |
| 继续履行 / 实际履行 | specific performance |
| 违约赔偿 / 损害赔偿 | damages / damages for breach |
| 违约金 | liquidated damages / contractual penalty |

### Duration and Scope

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 有效期 / 期限 | term / duration |
| 保密期 | confidentiality period |
| 存续条款 | survival (of obligations) |
| 届满 / 终止 | expiry / termination |
| 地域范围 | territorial scope |
| 转让 | assignment / transfer |

### NDA Section Headings

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 定义 | DEFINITIONS |
| 接收方的义务 | OBLIGATIONS OF THE RECEIVING PARTY |
| 例外 | EXCEPTIONS |
| 返还与销毁 | RETURN AND DESTRUCTION |
| 期限 | TERM |
| 救济措施 | REMEDIES |
| 适用法律和管辖 | GOVERNING LAW AND JURISDICTION |
| 一般条款 | MISCELLANEOUS |

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## Part 2 — Service Agreements (服务合同)

### Core Service Agreement Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 服务合同 / 服务协议 | service agreement / services agreement |
| 服务水平协议 (SLA) | service level agreement (SLA) |
| 外包合同 / 服务外包协议 | outsourcing agreement |
| 托管服务协议 | managed services agreement |
| 咨询合同 / 咨询服务协议 | consultancy agreement |
| 技术支持协议 | technical assistance agreement |
| 管理服务合同 | management agreement |
| 维护合同 | maintenance agreement |
| 主服务协议 / 框架协议 | master services agreement (MSA) / framework agreement |
| 工作说明书 / 订单 (SOW) | statement of work (SOW) / work order |
| 服务提供方 / 服务商 | service provider / supplier |
| 客户 / 委托方 | client / customer |
| 服务 | services |
| 服务范围 | scope of services |
| 服务说明 | service description |
| 技术规范 / 需求说明 | specifications / terms of reference |
| 服务水平 | service levels |
| 关键绩效指标 (KPI) | key performance indicators (KPIs) |
| 服务水平目标 (SLO) | service level objectives (SLOs) |
| 响应时间 | response time |
| 解决时间 | resolution time |
| 可用性 / 正常运行时间 | availability / uptime |
| 维护窗口 | maintenance window |
| 交付成果 / 可交付物 | deliverable |
| 里程碑 / 节点 | milestone |

### Fee and Payment Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 服务费 / 报酬 | fees / remuneration |
| 固定费用 / 总包价 | fixed fee / lump-sum fee |
| 小时费率 | hourly rate |
| 日费率 | daily rate |
| 浮动报酬 / 绩效报酬 | variable remuneration |
| 时间和材料报酬 | time-and-materials fee |
| 成本加成报酬 | cost-plus fee |
| 上限 / 最高金额 | cap / not-to-exceed amount |
| 可报销费用 | reimbursable expenses |
| 服务积分 | service credits |
| 绩效奖金 | performance bonus |
| 基准评审 | benchmark review |
| 发票 | invoice |
| 付款期限 | payment term |
| 付款条件 | payment terms |
| 逾期利息 | late payment interest / default interest |
| 预扣税 / 代扣代缴税 | withholding tax |
| 增值税 (增值税) | VAT (Value Added Tax) |

### Acceptance and Handover

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 验收 | acceptance |
| 验收标准 | acceptance criteria |
| 验收测试 | acceptance testing |
| 验收证书 | acceptance certificate |
| 默示验收 / 推定验收 | deemed acceptance |
| 拒收 | rejection |
| 返工 / 整改 | rework / rectification |
| 试运行期 / 试用期 | trial period / pilot period |
| 交接 | handover |
| 过渡计划 | transition plan |
| 入场过渡 / 启动 | on-boarding / transition-in |
| 退场过渡 / 结束过渡 | off-boarding / transition-out / exit assistance |
| 退出计划 / 撤离计划 | exit plan / disengagement plan |

### Operational and Obligation Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 服务台 / 客服中心 | help desk / service desk |
| 工单 / 服务请求 | ticket / service request |
| 事故 / 故障 | incident |
| 问题 | problem |
| 升级 | escalation |
| 优先级 / 严重级别 | priority / severity level |
| 定期报告 / 服务报告 | periodic report / service report |
| 评审会议 | review meeting |
| 合同治理 | contract governance |
| 合同经理 | contract manager |
| 联系人 | point of contact |
| 指导委员会 / 督导委员会 | steering committee / governance committee |
| 关键人员 | key personnel |
| 人员更换 | replacement of personnel |
| 手段义务 / 尽力义务 | obligation of means / best-efforts obligation |
| 结果义务 | obligation of result |

### Liability, Indemnity and Legal Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 责任 | liability |
| 合同责任 / 违约责任 | contractual liability |
| 侵权责任 | tortious liability / non-contractual liability |
| 责任限制 | limitation of liability |
| 责任免除 | exclusion of liability |
| 责任上限 | liability cap |
| 排除的损失 / 间接损失 / 后果性损失 | excluded losses / indirect and consequential damages |
| 直接损失 | direct damages |
| 利润损失 / 预期利益损失 | loss of profits |
| 赔偿 / 补偿 | indemnity / compensation |
| 第三方索赔赔偿 | indemnity against third-party claims |
| 职业责任保险 | professional indemnity insurance |
| 公共责任保险 | public liability insurance |
| 网络安全责任保险 | cyber liability insurance |
| 保修期 / 质保期 | warranty period |
| 缺陷责任 | defects liability |
| 知识产权 | intellectual property |
| 著作权 / 版权 | copyright |
| 工业产权 | industrial property right |
| 成果归属 / 知识产权归属 | ownership of deliverables / IP ownership |
| 背景知识产权 / 前景知识产权 | background IP / foreground IP |
| 回授许可 | licence-back |
| 个人信息 | personal data / personal information |
| 数据处理 | data processing |
| 受托处理者 | data processor |
| 数据控制者 | data controller |
| 数据处理协议 | data processing agreement (DPA) |
| 次级受托处理者 / 分包处理者 | sub-processor |
| 分包 | subcontracting |
| 分包商 | subcontractor |
| 义务传递 (flow-down) | flow-down |

### Legal and Commercial

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 初始期限 | initial term |
| 续期 | renewal |
| 自动续期 | automatic renewal |
| 不续期通知 | notice of non-renewal |
| 便利终止 / 单方解除 | termination for convenience |
| 违约终止 / 因违约解除 | termination for cause / termination for default |
| 重大违约 | material breach |
| 宽限期 / 补救期 | cure period / remedy period |
| 控制权变更 | change of control |
| 预告期 | notice period |
| 不可抗力 | force majeure |

### Service Agreement Section Headings

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 合同目的 / 服务范围 | PURPOSE / SCOPE OF SERVICES |
| 服务提供方的义务 | SERVICE PROVIDER'S OBLIGATIONS |
| 客户的义务 | CLIENT'S OBLIGATIONS |
| 费用与支付 | FEES AND PAYMENT |
| 过渡 / 撤离 | HANDOVER / TRANSITION |
| 保险 | INSURANCE |
| 保密 | CONFIDENTIALITY |
| 个人信息保护 | DATA PROTECTION |
| 期限与终止 | TERM AND TERMINATION |

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## Notes

- **PRC Anti-Unfair Competition Law (反不正当竞争法)**: Governs trade secret protection
  in China. Revised in 2019 to strengthen enforcement and increase penalties. The
  definition of trade secrets mirrors international standards (secrecy, commercial
  value, confidentiality measures). Reference as "Anti-Unfair Competition Law" on
  first mention.
- **"商业秘密" (trade secret)**: Defined in Art. 9 of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law
  as technical and business information that is not publicly known, has commercial
  value, and is subject to confidentiality measures. The 2019 revision added
  "electronic intrusion" as a form of misappropriation.
- **"违约金"**: Under PRC Civil Code (Art. 585), courts may adjust agreed liquidated
  damages if they are excessively high or low; the general threshold is that the
  amount should not exceed 130% of actual loss. Flag when translating. In English
  translation use "liquidated damages" in commercial context; use "service credits"
  in SLAs.
- **Criminal liability**: Under PRC Criminal Law (Art. 219), trade secret
  infringement causing "serious losses" can result in criminal liability — up to
  7 years' imprisonment. Significantly more severe than most Western jurisdictions.
- **Cross-border NDAs and services**: Must address data export restrictions under
  the Data Security Law (DSL), Cybersecurity Law (CSL), and Personal Information
  Protection Law (PIPL). Information classified as "important data" or "state
  secrets" may not be transferable abroad.
- **"保全" (preservation)**: PRC courts can issue preservation orders (行为保全) to
  prevent disclosure of confidential information pending trial. Similar to an
  interim injunction. Translate as "preservation order" or "interim injunction".
- **PRC Civil Code — service contracts**: PRC Civil Code (Book III, Part II,
  Chapter 25) governs "entrusted contracts" (委托合同) and related service
  arrangements. The distinction between 委托 (entrustment/mandate) and 承揽
  (contract for work/承揽合同) affects liability and termination rights.
- **"增值税" (VAT)**: PRC VAT applies to services at varying rates (6% for most
  services, 9% for construction, 13% for goods). The "营改增" (business tax to
  VAT) reform completed in 2016.
- **PIPL (个人信息保护法)**: China's Personal Information Protection Law — the PRC
  equivalent of the GDPR. Governs the processing of personal information.
  Reference as "Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL)" on first mention.
- **Cross-border service agreements**: Services provided by foreign entities to PRC
  clients may trigger withholding tax obligations and require tax treaty analysis.
