# Japanese — EPC / Energy / Infrastructure Sub-Lexicon

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Japanese EPC legal terms to their
correct English equivalents.

## Core EPC Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| EPC契約 / 設計・調達・建設一括契約 | EPC contract / turnkey contract |
| 建設工事請負契約 | construction contract |
| 設計契約 | design contract / engineering agreement |
| 設計施工一括契約 | design-build contract |
| 発注者 / 注文者 | employer / owner |
| 請負人 / 施工者 | contractor |
| 元請負人 | main contractor / prime contractor |
| 下請負人 | subcontractor |
| 設計者 | engineer / designer |
| 監理者 / 工事監理者 | construction supervisor / engineer |
| 現場代理人 | site agent / contractor's representative |
| 工事範囲 | scope of works |
| 仕様書 | specification |
| 設計図書 | design documents / drawings |
| 施工計画書 | construction plan / method statement |
| 工期 | construction period / time for completion |
| 着工日 | commencement date |
| 竣工日 / 完成日 | completion date |
| 引渡し | handover / delivery |
| 請負代金 / 契約金額 | contract price / contract sum |

## Variation and Claims Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 設計変更 / 変更指示 | variation / change order |
| 追加工事 | additional works |
| 工期延長 | extension of time |
| 追加費用 | additional costs |
| クレーム / 請求 | claim |
| 遅延損害金 / 遅延ペナルティ | liquidated damages for delay |
| 性能未達ペナルティ | performance liquidated damages |
| ボーナス (早期完成) | early completion bonus |
| 不可抗力 | force majeure |
| 天災 / 自然災害 | natural disaster / act of God |
| 地盤条件 / 予見不能の地盤条件 | ground conditions / unforeseen ground conditions |

## Testing and Completion Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 試運転 / コミッショニング | commissioning / testing |
| 完成検査 / 竣工検査 | completion inspection |
| 引渡し証明書 | taking-over certificate |
| 暫定引渡し / 仮引渡し | provisional acceptance |
| 最終引渡し / 最終検収 | final acceptance |
| 性能試験 | performance test |
| 性能保証 | performance guarantee |
| 瑕疵担保期間 / 契約不適合責任期間 | defects liability period / warranty period |
| 瑕疵修補 / 契約不適合の修補 | rectification of defects / remedying non-conformity |
| 保証金 / 保留金 | retention money |
| 前払金 | advance payment |
| 前払金保証 | advance payment guarantee |
| 履行保証金 / 履行ボンド | performance bond / performance guarantee |

## Insurance and Risk Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 建設工事保険 (CAR) | contractor's all risks insurance (CAR) |
| 組立保険 (EAR) | erection all risks insurance (EAR) |
| 第三者賠償責任保険 | third-party liability insurance |
| 労災保険 | workers' compensation insurance |
| 危険負担 / リスク移転 | risk / passing of risk |
| 施主の危険負担 | employer's risk |
| 請負人の危険負担 | contractor's risk |
| 安全管理 | health and safety management |
| 労働安全衛生法 | Industrial Safety and Health Act |
| 環境基準 | environmental standards |
| 許認可 | permits and approvals |
| 建築確認 | building permit / building confirmation |

## Section Headings

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 設計 | DESIGN / ENGINEERING |
| 請負代金 / 支払 | CONTRACT PRICE AND PAYMENT |
| 変更 | VARIATIONS |
| 試運転及び引渡し | TESTING AND HANDOVER |
| 瑕疵担保 / 契約不適合 | DEFECTS LIABILITY |
| 保険 | INSURANCE |
| 解除 / 終了 | TERMINATION |
| 紛争解決 | DISPUTE RESOLUTION |
| 定義 | DEFINITIONS |
| 電力売買 | SALE AND PURCHASE OF ELECTRICITY |
| 発電施設 | GENERATION FACILITY |
| 系統連系 | GRID CONNECTION |
| 料金及び支払 | TARIFF AND PAYMENT |
| 運営及び維持管理 | OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE |
| 解除 | TERMINATION |

## Notes

- **Construction Business Act (建設業法)**: Japan's principal construction industry
  regulation. Requires construction business licences (UK) / licenses (US) and regulates
  subcontracting relationships. Reference as "Construction Business Act" on first mention.
- **"瑕疵担保責任" → "契約不適合責任"**: The 2020 Civil Code reform replaced defect
  warranty (瑕疵担保責任) with non-conformity liability (契約不適合責任). The remedies now
  include cure, price reduction, damages, and termination. Flag which regime applies.
- **FIDIC in Japan**: FIDIC conditions are used for international projects involving
  Japanese contractors, but domestic projects predominantly use standard forms from the
  Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT/国土交通省) or industry
  associations. Identify the applicable form.
- **"現場代理人"**: The site agent under the Construction Business Act — a person who has
  comprehensive authority at the construction site. This role has specific statutory
  requirements. Translate as "site agent" or "contractor's representative".
- **"建築確認"**: A building confirmation (not a "permit" in the strict sense) — a
  certification that the design complies with the Building Standards Act (建築基準法).
  Required before construction can commence. Translate as "building confirmation" or
  "building permit" depending on audience.

- **Electricity market liberalisation (UK) / liberalization (US)**: Japan fully liberalised
  its retail electricity market in 2016. The market structure now includes generation,
  transmission/distribution (regulated), and retail segments. Flag the applicable market
  segment.
- **FIT/FIP regime**: Japan's feed-in tariff (FIT) was introduced in 2012 for renewables.
  A feed-in premium (FIP) system was added in 2022 for larger projects. The applicable
  regime affects revenue certainty. Flag which scheme applies.
- **"コンセッション" (PFI Act concession)**: Japan's PFI Act (1999, amended 2011) introduced
  concessions (公共施設等運営権) as a property right for private operation of public
  infrastructure. Used for airports, water, and toll roads. Translate as "concession" and
  reference the PFI Act.
- **"系統連系"**: Grid connection is a critical issue for Japanese renewable energy projects.
  Capacity constraints and curtailment (出力抑制) are common. Flag connection and
  curtailment risks in translation.
- **Offshore wind**: Japan enacted the Promotion of Utilization of Sea Areas for Offshore
  Renewable Energy Generation Facilities Act (2018) to create a framework for offshore wind
  development. Specific procurement rounds are ongoing. Reference the Act on first mention.

## Core Energy Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| エネルギー供給契約 | energy supply agreement |
| 電力購入契約 (PPA) | power purchase agreement (PPA) |
| 売電契約 | electricity sale agreement |
| 電力売買契約 | electricity purchase and sale agreement |
| 接続契約 / 系統連系契約 | grid connection agreement |
| 送配電事業者 | transmission and distribution operator |
| 発電事業者 | power producer / generator |
| 小売電気事業者 | retail electricity supplier |
| 電力取引市場 | electricity market |
| 日本卸電力取引所 (JEPX) | Japan Electric Power Exchange (JEPX) |
| 固定価格買取制度 (FIT) | feed-in tariff (FIT) |
| FIP制度 | feed-in premium (FIP) |
| 再生可能エネルギー | renewable energy |
| 太陽光発電 | solar power / photovoltaic (PV) |
| 風力発電 | wind power |
| 洋上風力発電 | offshore wind power |
| バイオマス発電 | biomass power |
| 地熱発電 | geothermal power |
| 蓄電池 / エネルギー貯蔵 | battery / energy storage |
| 電気事業法 | Electricity Business Act |

## Infrastructure and Concession Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| コンセッション / 公共施設等運営権 | concession |
| PFI事業 | private finance initiative (PFI) |
| PPP / 官民連携 | public-private partnership (PPP) |
| 運営権 | operating right |
| 実施契約 | concession agreement / implementation agreement |
| 実施方針 | implementation policy |
| 事業期間 | concession period |
| 運営権対価 | concession fee |
| 公共施設管理者 | public facility administrator |
| 選定事業者 / SPC | concessionaire / special purpose company (SPC) |
| 要求水準 | output specification / required performance level |
| モニタリング | monitoring |
| VFM (バリュー・フォー・マネー) | value for money (VFM) |
| 利用料金 | user fee / tariff |

## Regulatory and Permit Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 環境影響評価 (環境アセスメント) | environmental impact assessment (EIA) |
| 環境影響評価法 | Environmental Impact Assessment Act |
| 都市計画法 | City Planning Act |
| 農地法 | Agricultural Land Act |
| 開発許可 | development permit |
| 林地開発許可 | forest development permit |
| 電気事業許可 | electricity business licence (UK) / license (US) |
| 系統連系申込み | grid connection application |
| 出力抑制 | curtailment / output reduction |
| 再エネ特措法 | Act on Special Measures Concerning Procurement of Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources |
