# Chinese (Mandarin) — Consumer & Retail Sub-Lexicon

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Chinese (Mandarin) consumer and retail
legal terms to their correct English equivalents.

## Core Consumer Law Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 消费者 | consumer |
| 经营者 | trader / business operator |
| 消费合同 | consumer contract |
| 买卖合同 (消费者) | consumer sale contract |
| 网络购物合同 / 网购合同 | online purchase contract / distance contract |
| 消费者权益保护 | consumer protection |
| 消费者权益保护法 (消保法) | Consumer Protection Law |
| 格式条款 / 格式合同 | standard terms / standard form contract |
| 格式条款无效 | invalidity of standard terms |
| 霸王条款 | unfair standard terms / unconscionable clauses |
| 公平交易权 | right to fair dealing |
| 知情权 | right to information / right to know |
| 选择权 | right of choice |
| 安全权 | right to safety |
| 欺诈 (消费者) | consumer fraud |
| 虚假宣传 | false advertising / misleading promotion |

## Withdrawal and Returns Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 七天无理由退货 | seven-day unconditional return / right of withdrawal |
| 退货权 | right of return |
| 退货期限 | return period |
| 退货申请 | return request |
| 退货 | return (of goods) |
| 退货运费 | return shipping costs |
| 退款 | refund |
| 换货 | exchange |
| 退货例外 | exceptions to the right of return |
| 定制商品 (不退) | customised (UK) / customized (US) goods (non-returnable) |
| 鲜活易腐品 (不退) | fresh or perishable goods (non-returnable) |

## Warranty and Guarantee Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 质量保证 / 质保 | warranty / quality guarantee |
| 三包 (包修、包换、包退) | three guarantees (repair, replacement, return) |
| 产品缺陷 / 瑕疵 | defect |
| 质量瑕疵 | quality defect |
| 修理 / 维修 | repair |
| 更换 / 换货 | replacement |
| 退货 / 退款 | return / refund |
| 减少价款 | reduction of the purchase price |
| 解除合同 / 退货 | rescission / termination of the contract |
| 损害赔偿 (消费者) | damages (consumer) |
| 质保期 / 保修期 | warranty period |
| 举证责任 / 证明责任 | burden of proof |
| 惩罚性赔偿 (消费者) | punitive damages (consumer) |
| 假一赔三 / 假一赔十 | treble / tenfold damages for fraud |

## E-Commerce Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 网络交易 / 电子商务 | e-commerce / online trading |
| 电子商务平台 | e-commerce platform |
| 平台经营者 | platform operator |
| 平台内经营者 | merchant on the platform |
| 电子商务法 | E-Commerce Law |
| 网店 / 网络店铺 | online shop |
| 经营者信息公示 | business information disclosure / legal notice |
| 消费者告知义务 | duty to inform consumers |
| 下单流程 / 订购流程 | ordering process |
| 订单确认 | order confirmation |
| 支付方式 | payment method |
| 预付款 / 定金 | advance payment / deposit |
| 发货时间 / 物流时间 | delivery time / shipping time |
| 运费 / 快递费 | shipping costs / delivery charges |
| 隐私政策 | privacy policy |
| 用户评价 / 消费者评价 | review / consumer review |
| 好评返现 (被禁止) | incentivised (UK) / incentivized (US) reviews (prohibited) |
| 直播带货 | live-streaming e-commerce |
| 社交电商 | social commerce |

## Product Liability and Safety Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 产品责任 / 产品质量责任 | product liability |
| 产品质量法 | Product Quality Law |
| 生产者 / 制造商 | producer / manufacturer |
| 缺陷产品 | defective product |
| 设计缺陷 | design defect |
| 制造缺陷 | manufacturing defect |
| 警示缺陷 / 说明缺陷 | failure to warn / inadequate instructions |
| 产品召回 | product recall |
| 产品安全 | product safety |
| CCC认证 (中国强制性产品认证) | CCC certification (China Compulsory Certification) |
| 合格证明 / 合格证 | certificate of conformity |
| 市场监督管理 | market supervision / market surveillance |
| 国家市场监督管理总局 (SAMR) | State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) |

## Advertising and Competition Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 广告法 | Advertising Law |
| 虚假广告 / 虚假宣传 | false advertising / misleading advertising |
| 比较广告 | comparative advertising |
| 反不正当竞争法 | Anti-Unfair Competition Law |
| 不正当竞争行为 | unfair competitive practice |
| 商业贿赂 | commercial bribery |
| 行政处罚 (市场监管) | administrative penalty |

## Section Headings

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 总则 / 通用条款 | GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS |
| 合同成立 | FORMATION OF CONTRACT |
| 价格与支付 | PRICES AND PAYMENT |
| 配送与物流 | DELIVERY AND SHIPPING |
| 退换货 | RETURNS AND EXCHANGES |
| 质量保证 | WARRANTY |
| 责任 | LIABILITY |
| 个人信息保护 | DATA PROTECTION |
| 附则 | FINAL PROVISIONS |

## Notes

- **PRC Consumer Protection Law (消费者权益保护法)**: Revised 2013, effective 2014. Key
  features include the 7-day unconditional return right for online purchases, treble
  damages for fraud (Art. 55), and punitive damages for personal injury caused by defective
  products. Reference as "Consumer Protection Law" on first mention.
- **"三包" (Three Guarantees)**: A PRC-specific consumer protection regime — repair,
  replacement, and return. Specific "三包" regulations exist for different product
  categories (electronics, automobiles, etc.) with defined warranty periods. No direct
  common law equivalent. Translate as "three guarantees (repair, replacement, return)".
- **"七天无理由退货"**: The 7-day unconditional return right for online/distance purchases
  (Art. 25 Consumer Protection Law). Similar to the EU withdrawal right but with PRC-
  specific exclusions (custom goods, perishables, downloaded digital content, newspapers).
- **E-Commerce Law (电子商务法)**: Enacted 2018 — governs platform operators, merchants,
  and consumer transactions. Imposes specific obligations on platform operators including
  merchant verification, dispute resolution, and IP protection. Reference as "E-Commerce
  Law" on first mention.
- **"惩罚性赔偿"**: Consumer fraud triggers treble damages (假一赔三, Art. 55); food
  safety violations trigger tenfold damages (假一赔十, Art. 148 Food Safety Law). These
  are significantly higher than most jurisdictions. Flag when translating.
- **"直播带货" (live-streaming e-commerce)**: A major sales channel in China with specific
  regulatory requirements. Live-streamers may be classified as advertisers, advertising
  spokespersons, or merchants depending on their role. Flag the classification.
