# Chinese — Transport and Insurance Sub-Lexicon

Combines Chinese-language transport and insurance vocabulary. Part 1 covers maritime, road, rail, air and multimodal transport: carriage contracts, bills of lading, charterparties, freight forwarding, carrier liability. Part 2 covers insurance contracts, life and non-life lines, reinsurance, brokers, claims handling and regulatory framework. Marine/transport insurance (cargo, hull, P&I, carrier liability) sits at the intersection.

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## Part 1 — Transport and Shipping

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Chinese (Mandarin) shipping and transport
legal terms to their correct English equivalents.

## Core Shipping Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 运输合同 / 货物运输合同 | contract of carriage |
| 海上货物运输合同 | contract of carriage by sea |
| 租船合同 / 租约 | charter party |
| 定期租船 / 期租 | time charter |
| 航次租船 / 程租 | voyage charter |
| 光船租赁 / 光租 | bareboat charter / demise charter |
| 提单 | bill of lading (B/L) |
| 已装船提单 | on-board bill of lading |
| 收货待运提单 | received-for-shipment bill of lading |
| 直达提单 / 联运提单 | through bill of lading |
| 指示提单 | order bill of lading |
| 海运单 | sea waybill |
| 船舶所有人 / 船东 | shipowner |
| 承运人 | carrier |
| 托运人 / 发货人 | shipper |
| 收货人 | consignee |
| 货物 / 货载 | cargo / freight |
| 件杂货 | general cargo |
| 散货 / 散装货 | bulk cargo |
| 集装箱货物 | containerised (UK) / containerized (US) cargo |
| 装货港 | port of loading |
| 卸货港 / 目的港 | port of discharge / port of destination |
| 滞期费 | demurrage |
| 延滞费 | detention |
| 装卸时间 | laytime |
| 速遣费 | dispatch / despatch money |
| 海损 | average (maritime) |
| 共同海损 | general average |
| 单独海损 | particular average |
| 海难救助 | salvage |

## Land Transport Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 陆路运输承运人 | carrier (road/rail) |
| 货运代理合同 | freight forwarding agreement |
| 货运代理人 / 货代 | freight forwarder |
| 多式联运 / 联合运输 | multimodal transport / combined transport |
| 货物运输保险 | cargo insurance / transport insurance |
| 货物 | goods / cargo |
| 危险货物 / 危险品 | dangerous goods / hazardous goods |
| 载重 | loading weight |
| 运载能力 / 载货量 | carrying capacity / payload |
| 转运 / 中转 | transhipment (UK) / transshipment (US) |
| 仓储合同 | warehousing agreement / storage agreement |
| 仓储经营人 / 保管人 | warehouseman / warehouse keeper |
| 仓单 | warehouse receipt |

## Insurance and Liability Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 海上保险 | marine insurance |
| 船壳与机器保险 | hull and machinery insurance |
| 船东互保协会 / P&I保险 | protection and indemnity (P&I) insurance |
| 货运保险 | goods-in-transit insurance |
| 海事赔偿责任限制 | limitation of liability (maritime law) |
| 免责事由 (运输) | exclusion of liability (transport) |
| 承运人过错 | fault of the carrier |
| 管货义务 / 照管义务 | custody liability / duty of care |
| 货损通知 | notice of claim / notice of loss |
| 索赔 | claim |
| 混合过错 / 与有过失 | contributory negligence |
| 海事声明 / 海事报告 | sea protest / maritime protest |

## Port and Terminal Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 港口 | port / harbour (UK) / harbor (US) |
| 港口管理局 / 港务局 | port authority |
| 码头 / 集装箱码头 | terminal |
| 泊位 | berth / quay |
| 锚地 | anchorage |
| 引航员 / 领港 | pilot |
| 拖船 / 拖轮 | tug / tugboat |
| 港口费 | port charges |
| 泊位费 | berth charges |
| 仓储费 (港口) | storage charges |
| 报关 / 海关清关 | customs clearance |
| 保税仓库 | bonded warehouse |

## Incoterms and Trade Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 交货条件 / 贸易术语 | delivery terms / Incoterms |
| 船上交货 (FOB) | free on board (FOB) |
| 成本加保险费加运费 (CIF) | cost, insurance and freight (CIF) |
| 完税后交货 (DDP) | delivered duty paid (DDP) |
| 目的地交货 (DAP) | delivered at place (DAP) |
| 工厂交货 (EXW) | ex works (EXW) |
| 船边交货 (FAS) | free alongside ship (FAS) |

## Section Headings

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 标的 | SUBJECT MATTER |
| 承运人义务 | CARRIER'S OBLIGATIONS |
| 运费 / 报酬 | FREIGHT / REMUNERATION |
| 承运人责任 | CARRIER'S LIABILITY |
| 保险 | INSURANCE |
| 交货条件 | DELIVERY TERMS |
| 风险转移 | PASSING OF RISK |
| 诉讼时效 | LIMITATION |

## Notes

- **PRC Maritime Code (海商法)**: China's principal maritime legislation, enacted 1992.
  A comprehensive revision has been in progress. Reference as "Maritime Code" on first
  mention.
- **PRC Civil Code — Transport Contracts**: Book III, Part II, Chapter 19 governs general
  transport contracts. The Maritime Code is lex specialis for maritime transport.
- **"共同海损"**: General average — follows the York-Antwerp Rules in Chinese maritime
  practice. The Maritime Code provisions (Arts. 193-203) largely mirror the Rules.
- **"海事赔偿责任限制"**: China follows the 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability
  for Maritime Claims (as amended by the 1996 Protocol). Limitation amounts are set by
  the Maritime Code (Arts. 210-211). Flag when translating liability provisions.
- **CIETAC Maritime Arbitration**: Maritime disputes in China are often arbitrated at
  CIETAC or the China Maritime Arbitration Commission (CMAC). Reference as "China Maritime
  Arbitration Commission (CMAC)" on first mention.
- **"货代" (freight forwarder)**: The distinction between a freight forwarder (货运代理人)
  and a carrier (承运人) is frequently litigated in PRC courts. Classification affects
  liability. Translate carefully based on the party's actual role.

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## Part 2 — Insurance and Reinsurance

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Chinese (Mandarin) insurance legal terms
to their correct English equivalents.

## Core Insurance Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 保险合同 | insurance contract / insurance policy |
| 保险单 / 保单 | policy |
| 一般条款 / 基本条款 | general conditions / policy wording |
| 特别约定 / 特别条款 | particular conditions / special conditions |
| 批单 / 保险批改 | endorsement / rider |
| 被保险人 | insured / assured |
| 投保人 | policyholder / applicant |
| 保险人 / 保险公司 | insurer / insurance company |
| 再保险人 | reinsurer |
| 保险经纪人 | insurance broker |
| 保险代理人 | insurance agent |
| 受益人 | beneficiary |
| 保险费 / 保费 | premium |
| 免赔额 / 自付额 | excess (UK) / deductible (US) |
| 保险金额 / 保额 | policy limit / sum insured |
| 保险责任 / 承保范围 | cover / coverage |
| 保险期间 / 保险期限 | policy period / period of cover |
| 保险事故 / 出险 | claim / insured event / loss |
| 出险通知 / 报案 | notice of claim / loss notification |
| 保险赔偿 / 理赔 | indemnity / claim payment |
| 理赔 / 损失理算 | loss adjustment / claims handling |
| 公估人 / 理赔员 | loss adjuster / surveyor |
| 代位追偿 / 代位求偿 | subrogation |
| 丧失保险赔偿权 | forfeiture of cover |
| 除外责任 / 责任免除 | exclusion |
| 退保 / 解除合同 | cancellation / termination |
| 不续保 | non-renewal |
| 诉讼时效 (保险) | limitation period |

## Types of Insurance

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 责任保险 | liability insurance / third-party liability insurance |
| 职业责任保险 | professional indemnity insurance (UK) / errors and omissions insurance (US) |
| 建筑工程一切险 (CAR) | contractor's all risks insurance (CAR) |
| 财产保险 | property insurance |
| 人身保险 | personal insurance / life and health insurance |
| 人寿保险 | life insurance |
| 团体保险 | group insurance |
| 信用保险 | credit insurance |
| 保证保险 | surety bond insurance / guarantee insurance |
| 营业中断保险 | business interruption insurance |
| 海上保险 / 货物运输保险 | marine insurance / cargo insurance |
| 董事及高级管理人员责任保险 (D&O) | directors' and officers' liability insurance (D&O) |
| 机动车辆保险 | motor vehicle insurance |
| 强制保险 / 法定保险 | compulsory insurance |

## Reinsurance Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 再保险合同 | reinsurance treaty |
| 比例再保险 | proportional reinsurance |
| 非比例再保险 / 超额赔款再保险 | non-proportional reinsurance / excess of loss |
| 分出公司 / 原保险人 | cedant / ceding company |
| 转分保 / 再转保 | retrocession |
| 暂保单 / 承保确认书 | cover note / binder |
| 分保账单 | bordereau |
| 赔付率 | loss ratio |
| 再保险费 | reinsurance premium |
| 再保险佣金 / 分保手续费 | reinsurance commission / ceding commission |

## Section Headings

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 定义 | DEFINITIONS |
| 除外责任 | EXCLUSIONS |
| 保险费 | PREMIUM |
| 出险通知与理赔 | CLAIMS NOTIFICATION AND HANDLING |
| 代位追偿 | SUBROGATION |
| 退保 / 解除 | CANCELLATION |
| 保险期限 | TERM / PERIOD OF INSURANCE |
| 一般条款 | GENERAL CONDITIONS |

## Notes

- **PRC Insurance Law (保险法)**: The principal statute governing insurance contracts and
  the insurance industry in China. Last substantially revised in 2015. Reference as
  "Insurance Law" on first mention.
- **NFRA (国家金融监督管理总局)**: The National Financial Regulatory Administration
  (formerly CBIRC) — the PRC insurance and banking regulator since 2023. Reference as
  "National Financial Regulatory Administration (NFRA)" on first mention.
- **"免赔额"**: Translates as "deductible" or "excess" (UK). PRC policies may use
  "绝对免赔额" (absolute deductible) and "相对免赔额" (relative deductible/franchise),
  matching international insurance practice.
- **"如实告知义务"**: The duty of utmost good faith / duty of disclosure — the applicant
  must truthfully answer the insurer's questions (Art. 16 Insurance Law). Non-disclosure
  may void the policy. Translate as "duty of disclosure" or "duty of utmost good faith".
- **"投保人" vs "被保险人"**: The 投保人 (applicant/policyholder) contracts with the
  insurer; the 被保险人 (insured) is the person whose risk is covered. They may differ.
  Maintain the distinction.
- **Compulsory insurance**: PRC mandates compulsory motor vehicle liability insurance
  (交强险) and certain other compulsory coverages. Flag mandatory insurance requirements.
