# Italian — Transport and Insurance Sub-Lexicon

Combines Italian-language transport and insurance vocabulary. Part 1 covers maritime, road, rail, air and multimodal transport: carriage contracts, bills of lading, charterparties, freight forwarding, carrier liability. Part 2 covers insurance contracts, life and non-life lines, reinsurance, brokers, claims handling and regulatory framework. Marine/transport insurance (cargo, hull, P&I, carrier liability) sits at the intersection.

---

## Part 1 — Transport and Shipping

Italian→English mappings for shipping and transport agreements, charter parties, bills
of lading, Incoterms, freight forwarding, maritime liens, carriage of goods, logistics
agreements, and related instruments.

## Core Shipping Terms - Italian Mappings

| Italian term | English equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| contratto di trasporto | contract of carriage | Legal agreement governing transport of goods |
| trasporto marittimo | carriage by sea / sea transport | Transport by vessel; also "maritime transport" |
| trasporto aereo | carriage by air / air transport | Transport by aircraft; also "air freight" |
| trasporto terrestre | land transport / inland transport | Umbrella term covering all land-based modes: road, rail and inland waterway |
| trasporto stradale | carriage by road / road transport | Specifically road haulage; narrower than trasporto terrestre |
| trasporto ferroviario | carriage by rail / rail transport | Transport by railway; also "rail freight" |
| trasporto multimodale | multimodal transport | Transport involving multiple modes; implies multiple operators |
| trasporto combinato | combined transport | Single operator using multiple transport modes |
| spedizione | shipment / forwarding | Goods being transported or forwarding process |
| spedizioniere | freight forwarder / forwarding agent | Agent arranging and coordinating transport |
| vettore | carrier | Party responsible for transporting goods |
| caricatore | shipper | Party sending the goods (consignor) |
| mittente | shipper | Sender (alternative term) |
| destinatario | consignee | Party receiving the goods |
| noleggio | charter | Agreement hiring a vessel |
| noleggio a tempo | time charter | Charter for specified time period |
| noleggio a viaggio | voyage charter | Charter for single voyage |
| noleggio a scafo nudo | bareboat charter / demise charter | Charter of ship without crew |
| polizza di carico | bill of lading (B/L) | Transport document evidencing contract and receipt |
| polizza di carico marittima | ocean bill of lading | Bill of lading for sea transport |
| polizza di carico a bordo | on-board bill of lading | B/L signed when goods loaded on vessel |
| polizza di carico ricevuto per l'imbarco | received-for-shipment bill of lading | B/L signed when goods received at port (before loading) |
| polizza di carico pulita | clean bill of lading | B/L with no exceptions regarding cargo condition |
| polizza di carico con riserve | claused bill of lading | B/L noting defects or non-conformity of cargo |
| lettera di vettura | waybill | Non-negotiable transport document |
| lettera di vettura aerea | air waybill (AWB) | Non-negotiable transport document for air cargo |
| AWB | air waybill (AWB) | Abbreviation for air waybill |
| lettera di vettura CMR | CMR consignment note | Transport document for road carriage under CMR Convention |
| lettera di vettura ferroviaria | CIM consignment note | Transport document for rail carriage under CIM Convention |
| CIM | CIM consignment note | Abbreviation for CIM (Convention on International Carriage by Rail) |
| documento di trasporto | transport document | Generic term for any document evidencing carriage |
| polizza di carico attraverso | through bill of lading | B/L covering combined transport to final destination |
| polizza di carico per trasporto combinato | combined transport bill of lading | B/L evidencing combined transport (sea + road/rail) |
| lettera di indennizzo | letter of indemnity (LOI) | Document indemnifying carrier against loss from non-production of B/L |
| protesta marittima | sea protest | Formal protest by master of vessel |
| sequestro della nave | arrest of vessel | Seizure of vessel by court order (see also Maritime Law Terms) |

## Charter Party Terms - Italian Mappings

| Italian term | English equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| polizza di noleggio | charter party | Contract between shipowner and charterer |
| armatore | shipowner | Owner of the vessel |
| noleggiatore | charterer | Party hiring the vessel |
| nave | vessel | Ship or large boat (formal) |
| carico | cargo | Goods transported by vessel |
| merce | cargo | Goods (alternative term) |
| stazza lorda | gross tonnage (GT) | Total internal volume in tonnes |
| stazza netta | net tonnage (NT) | Volume available for cargo |
| portata lorda | deadweight tonnage (DWT) | Maximum weight vessel can carry |
| nolo | freight | Payment for carriage (or goods themselves) |
| nolo a tempo | time freight / hire | Charge per unit of time for time charter |
| nolo a viaggio | voyage freight | Charge per unit of cargo for voyage charter |
| demurrage | demurrage | Charges for delay in loading/unloading (standard English term) |
| controstallie | demurrage | Italian synonym for demurrage charges |
| stallie | laytime | Time allowed for loading/unloading |
| tempo di caricazione | laytime | Time allowed for loading and unloading |
| premio di celerità | dispatch / despatch money | Payment/credit for early completion of laytime |
| dispatch | dispatch / despatch money | English term (also "despatch" in UK) |
| porto di caricazione | loading port / port of loading | Port where cargo is loaded |
| porto di scaricazione | discharge port / port of discharge | Port where cargo is unloaded |
| porto sicuro | safe port | Port where vessel can enter and depart safely |
| ormeggio sicuro | safe berth | Specific berth where vessel can load/unload safely |
| avviso di prontezza | notice of readiness (NOR) | Notice that vessel is ready for operations |
| clausola di negligenza | negligence clause | Charter party clause limiting liability |
| clausola paramount | paramount clause | Charter party clause requiring B/L legislation compliance |
| deviazione | deviation | Departure from agreed route of voyage |

## Maritime Law Terms - Italian Mappings

| Italian term | English equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| privilegio marittimo | maritime lien | Statutory right to seize vessel for unpaid claims |
| ipoteca navale | ship mortgage | Mortgaging of vessel as security for debt |
| avaria particolare | particular average | Loss to cargo interest only (marine insurance term) |
| contribuzione alle avarie | average contribution | Proportional contribution to general average |
| salvataggio | salvage | Reward for saving vessel/cargo/property in distress |
| assistenza e salvataggio | salvage and assistance | Combined concept of salvage and assistance |
| abbandono | abandonment | Relinquishment of vessel/cargo to underwriters |
| responsabilità del vettore | carrier's liability | Legal responsibility of carrier for loss/damage |
| limitazione di responsabilità | limitation of liability | Contractual/statutory cap on liability |
| Regole dell'Aja-Visby | Hague-Visby Rules | International maritime convention on B/L (1968) |
| Regole di Amburgo | Hamburg Rules | International maritime convention on B/L (1978) |
| Regole di Rotterdam | Rotterdam Rules | International maritime convention on B/L (2008) |
| Convenzione di Atene | Athens Convention | International maritime convention on passenger liability |
| bandiera | flag / registry | Country under whose law vessel is registered |
| registro | flag / registry | Registry designation (alternative term) |
| classificazione | classification | Determination of vessel's structural/equipment standard |
| società di classificazione | classification society | Organization conducting vessel inspections |
| certificato di navigabilità | seaworthiness certificate | Certificate confirming vessel meets safety standards |
| certificato di classe | class certificate | Certificate issued by classification society |
| P&I club | P&I club (protection and indemnity) | Mutual insurance association for shipowners |

## Incoterms and Delivery - Italian Mappings

| Italian term | English equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| resa | delivery term / Incoterm | Agreed point where risk/cost transfers to buyer |
| termine di resa | delivery term / Incoterm | Delivery term (Incoterm standard) |
| franco fabbrica | EXW (Ex Works) | Seller's obligation ends at premises |
| franco vettore | FCA (Free Carrier) | Seller delivers to buyer's nominated carrier |
| costo e nolo | CFR (Cost and Freight) | Seller pays freight; buyer bears risk |
| costo, assicurazione e nolo | CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight) | Seller pays freight and insurance; buyer bears risk |
| franco a bordo | FOB (Free on Board) | Seller delivers on board; risk transfers at loading |
| reso al luogo di destinazione | DAP (Delivered at Place) | Seller delivers at destination; buyer bears risk |
| reso sdoganato | DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) | Seller bears all cost and risk including duties |
| sdoganamento | customs clearance | Process of obtaining customs approval |
| dazio doganale | customs duty | Tax levied on imported goods |
| dichiarazione doganale | customs declaration | Document describing goods and value to customs |
| bolletta doganale | customs entry | Official customs record of import/export goods |
| punto di consegna | delivery point | Location where delivery obligations fulfilled |
| passaggio del rischio | transfer of risk | Contractual point where loss/damage risk passes |
| passaggio della proprietà | transfer of title | Contractual point where ownership passes |

## Freight and Logistics Terms - Italian Mappings

| Italian term | English equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| contratto di spedizione | forwarding contract | Contract between shipper and freight forwarder |
| contratto di logistica | logistics agreement | Agreement governing warehousing/transport/distribution |
| magazzino | warehouse / storage facility | Facility for storage of goods |
| deposito | warehouse / storage facility | Storage facility (alternative term) |
| deposito doganale | bonded warehouse / customs warehouse | Warehouse under customs control |
| movimentazione merci | cargo handling | Loading, unloading, and movement of cargo |
| imballaggio | packaging | Protective wrapping and containers for goods |
| containerizzazione | containerisation | Placement of goods in standard containers |
| container | container | Standard metal box for intermodal transport |
| contenitore | container | Container (alternative term) |
| FCL | FCL (full container load) | Shipment filling entire 20ft or 40ft container |
| carico completo | FCL (full container load) | Full container load |
| LCL | LCL (less than container load) | Shipment not filling entire container |
| carico parziale | LCL (less than container load) | Less than container load |
| groupage | groupage / consolidated cargo | Consolidation of multiple smaller shipments |
| tracciamento | tracking | Real-time monitoring of shipment location |
| tracking | tracking | Shipment tracking (English term also used in Italian) |
| ultimo miglio | last mile | Final stage from distribution centre to customer |
| piattaforma logistica | logistics hub / distribution centre | Central facility for consolidation and distribution |

## Section Headings - Italian Mappings

| Italian term | English equivalent | Context |
|---|---|---|
| DESCRIZIONE DEL CARICO | CARGO DESCRIPTION | Definition and details of goods being transported |
| PORTO DI CARICAZIONE E SCARICAZIONE | LOADING AND DISCHARGE PORTS | Specifications of loading and discharge ports |
| NOLO E PAGAMENTO | FREIGHT AND PAYMENT | Freight charges and payment terms |
| STALLIE E CONTROSTALLIE | LAYTIME AND DEMURRAGE | Time allowed and charges for delay in loading/unloading |
| ASSICURAZIONE | INSURANCE | Marine/cargo insurance provisions |
| AVARIA | AVERAGE | General average and particular average provisions |
| PRIVILEGI MARITTIMI | MARITIME LIENS | Maritime liens and security interests |
| LEGGE APPLICABILE | GOVERNING LAW | Law governing the shipping contract |
| ARBITRATO MARITTIMO | MARITIME ARBITRATION | Maritime arbitration provisions |
| DISPOSIZIONI GENERALI | GENERAL PROVISIONS | Miscellaneous final provisions |

## Italian Maritime Law References

| Italian provision | English law equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Codice della Navigazione | Maritime Code | Italian statute governing maritime matters |
| privilegio marittimo (Art. 552 Codice della Navigazione) | maritime lien | Italian Navigation Code provision |
| avaria comune | general average | Shared loss governed by the York-Antwerp Rules as adopted in Italian practice |
| vettore marittimo | maritime carrier / ocean carrier (specific to maritime carriage; cf. vettore generico in Part 1) |

## BIMCO and Industry Standard Forms

| BIMCO form | English designation | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| GENCON | General Purpose Time Charter | Standard time charter form |
| NYPE | New York Produce Exchange | Standard time charter form |
| BALTIME | Baltic Exchange | Standard time charter form |
| WORLDSCALE | Worldscale® | Tanker voyage charter rate basis |

## Notes for Translators

- **"Polizza di carico" context**: In Italian, "polizza" can mean "insurance policy" (polizza
  assicurativa) or "bill of lading" (polizza di carico). Always determine from context:
  polizza assicurativa = insurance policy; polizza di carico = bill of lading. Never translate
  polizza di carico as "insurance policy".

- **Maritime transport vocabulary**: Italian maritime law has absorbed substantial English
  terminology. Terms like "charter party", "freight", "demurrage", "waybill", "bill of lading"
  are often used in Italian shipping documents in their English forms. Maintain English
  designation unless explicitly translated in source document.

- **Incoterms in Italian documents**: Incoterms are always referred to by their English
  three-letter codes (EXW, FOB, CIF, DAP, DDP, etc.) even in Italian documents. Never translate
  the codes. If Italian description provided, note it but use English codes in translation.

- **Italian vs English charter party practice**: Italian maritime law follows the Mediterranean
  tradition but many Italian shipowners use English law and London arbitration. Always confirm
  governing law and arbitration seat from document itself.

- **Classification societies**: Lloyd's Register (Italian: Lloyd's Register), DNV GL (Det Norske
  Veritas GL), American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), ClassNK. Keep English names as-is.

- **LMAA and London arbitration**: London Maritime Arbitrators Association (LMAA) is standard
  for English law maritime disputes. Keep "LMAA" as English abbreviation in all translations.

- **CMR Convention**: Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road
  (1956). If Italian document refers to "Convenzione CMR", expand to "CMR Convention" on first
  use, then use "CMR" alone.

- **CIM Convention**: International Convention concerning the Carriage of Goods by Rail. If
  Italian document refers to "Convenzione CIM", expand to "CIM Convention" on first use.

- **Safe port warranty**: Standard charter party term in Italian documents (porto sicuro).
  This is a precise technical term with extensive case law in English maritime law. Translate as
  "safe port" with footnote if source jurisdiction is Italian, as Italian maritime law may have
  different interpretation.

- **Demurrage and laytime**: These are precisely defined technical terms in maritime law.
  - "Stallie" or "tempo di caricazione" = laytime (time allowed for loading/unloading)
  - "Controstallie" or "demurrage" = demurrage (charges for delay beyond allowed laytime)
  Do not interchange these terms; their legal effects differ.

- **Dispatch/Despatch**: "Premio di celerità" or "dispatch money" in charter parties represents
  credit/payment if operations completed earlier than allowed laytime. Use "dispatch" (UK: "despatch")
  not "speed bonus" or "early completion credit".

- **Italian Civil Code maritime provisions**: Articles in Codice della Navigazione (Maritime Code)
  govern matters such as maritime liens, average, and carrier's liability. Reference to these
  should be noted if preserved in translation.

- **Bill of lading types**: Italian documents clearly distinguish:
  - Polizza a bordo (on-board) = B/L signed after cargo loaded
  - Polizza ricevuta (received-for-shipment) = B/L signed before loading
  - Polizza pulita (clean) = no exceptions to cargo condition
  - Polizza con riserve (claused) = notes defects or damage
  This distinction must be preserved in English translation.

- **Through bill of lading vs combined transport B/L**: "Polizza di carico attraverso" (through
  B/L) implies single carrier to final destination; "polizza di carico per trasporto combinato"
  (combined transport B/L) may involve multiple carriers. Distinguish these in translation.

- **Letter of indemnity (LOI)**: "Lettera di indennizzo" is a standard maritime practice document
  used when bill of lading cannot be produced. LOI indemnifies carrier but creates off-balance-sheet
  risk — important to flag in translation if not already evident in source.

---

## Part 2 — Insurance and Reinsurance

Mappings from Italian source terms to English, preserving original Italian references and regulatory context specific to Italy.

## Core Insurance Terms

| Italian Source | English Translation |
|---|---|
| contratto di assicurazione | insurance contract / insurance policy |
| polizza | policy |
| polizza vita | life policy |
| polizza danni | non-life policy / property and casualty policy |
| polizza all risks | all-risks policy |
| polizza multirischio | multi-peril policy |
| condizioni generali di polizza | general policy conditions |
| condizioni particolari | special conditions / endorsements |
| appendice / allegato di polizza | policy endorsement / rider |
| certificato di assicurazione | certificate of insurance |

## Premiums and Costs

| Italian Source | English Translation |
|---|---|
| premio | premium |
| premio annuo | annual premium |
| premio unico | single premium |
| sovrappremio | additional premium / loading |

## Retention and Liability Limits

| Italian Source | English Translation |
|---|---|
| franchigia | excess (UK) / deductible (US) |
| franchigia assoluta | deductible |
| franchigia relativa | franchise deductible |
| scoperto obbligatorio | compulsory retention |
| massimale | limit of indemnity / sum insured |
| massimale per sinistro | per-occurrence limit |
| massimale aggregato | aggregate limit |
| somma assicurata | sum insured |
| valore assicurato | insured value |
| sottassicurazione | underinsurance |
| regola proporzionale | average clause / pro rata condition |
| periodo di copertura | policy period / coverage period |

## Claims Terminology

| Italian Source | English Translation |
|---|---|
| sinistro | claim / loss |
| denuncia di sinistro | notice of loss / claim notification |
| apertura del sinistro | opening of a claim |
| liquidazione del sinistro | claims settlement / adjustment |
| indennizzo | indemnity / indemnification |
| risarcimento | compensation / damages |
| risarcimento danni | damages |
| danno emergente | actual loss / direct loss |
| lucro cessante | loss of profit / consequential loss |
| danno indiretto | indirect loss / consequential loss |
| danno morale / danno non patrimoniale | non-pecuniary loss / moral damages |
| surroga / surrogazione | subrogation |
| diritto di surroga | right of subrogation |
| regresso | recourse / right of recovery |
| rivalsa | recourse / recovery action |
| prescrizione | statute of limitations / prescription |

## Parties and Roles

| Italian Source | English Translation |
|---|---|
| assicuratore | insurer / underwriter |
| assicurato | insured / policyholder |
| contraente | policyholder / contracting party |
| beneficiario | beneficiary |
| intermediario assicurativo | insurance intermediary |
| broker assicurativo | insurance broker |
| agente di assicurazione | insurance agent |
| perito / liquidatore | loss adjuster / claims adjuster |
| attuario | actuary |
| riassicuratore | reinsurer |
| cedente | cedant / ceding company |
| retrocedente | retrocedant |

## Coverage Types

| Italian Source | English Translation |
|---|---|
| responsabilità civile generale | general liability / public liability |
| responsabilità civile professionale | professional indemnity (PI) |
| responsabilità civile del prodotto | product liability |
| RC auto | motor third-party liability |
| assicurazione incendio | fire insurance |
| assicurazione furto | theft insurance |
| assicurazione trasporti | cargo insurance / marine cargo |
| assicurazione credito | credit insurance |
| assicurazione cauzioni | surety / bonding |
| D&O / responsabilità amministratori | directors' and officers' liability (D&O) |
| cyber risk | cyber risk / cyber liability |
| business interruption / danni indiretti | business interruption (BI) |
| copertura claims made | claims-made coverage |
| copertura loss occurrence | occurrence-based coverage |

## Reinsurance Terms

| Italian Source | English Translation |
|---|---|
| riassicurazione | reinsurance |
| trattato di riassicurazione | reinsurance treaty |
| riassicurazione facoltativa | facultative reinsurance |
| riassicurazione obbligatoria | treaty reinsurance |
| quota share / riassicurazione proporzionale | quota share |
| eccesso di sinistro | excess of loss (XL) |
| stop loss | stop loss / aggregate excess of loss |
| ritenzione / conservazione | retention |
| priorità | priority / retention |
| cessione | cession |
| retrocessione | retrocession |
| slip | slip |
| bordereaux | bordereau (pl. bordereaux) |
| riserva sinistri | loss reserve / claims reserve |
| riserva premi | premium reserve / unearned premium reserve |
| commutazione | commutation |
| run-off | run-off |
| cut-through | cut-through |

## Italian Regulatory Bodies and Concepts

| Italian Source | English Translation | Note |
|---|---|---|
| IVASS (Istituto per la Vigilanza sulle Assicurazioni) | IVASS (Italian Insurance Supervisory Authority) | Regulates all insurance matters in Italy; equivalent to PRA/FCA in UK |
| Codice delle Assicurazioni Private (D.Lgs. 209/2005) | Private Insurance Code (Legislative Decree No. 209/2005) | Italy's primary insurance law; governs all insurance contracts and practices |
| Istituto Nazionale delle Assicurazioni (INA) | INA (Italian National Insurance Institute) | Historic Italian state-owned insurer; fully privatised in 2000 and absorbed into Assicurazioni Generali. Appears only in legacy documents. |

## Section Headings

| Italian Source | English Translation |
|---|---|
| OGGETTO DELL'ASSICURAZIONE | SUBJECT MATTER OF INSURANCE |
| RISCHI COPERTI | COVERED RISKS / INSURED PERILS |
| ESCLUSIONI | EXCLUSIONS |
| OBBLIGHI DELL'ASSICURATO | POLICYHOLDER'S OBLIGATIONS |
| SINISTRI | CLAIMS |
| LIQUIDAZIONE | CLAIMS SETTLEMENT |
| SURROGA | SUBROGATION |
| DURATA E RECESSO | TERM AND CANCELLATION |
| FORO COMPETENTE | JURISDICTION |

## Notes on Italian Insurance Context

- **"Sinistro" Concept**: In Italian insurance law, "sinistro" encompasses both the loss event and the claim. In English translation, clarify which is meant: the loss (event/damage) or the claim (demand for indemnity).

- **"Franchigia" vs. "Scoperto"**:
  - "Franchigia" = fixed deductible/excess. Example: "€500 franchigia assoluta" = €500 fixed deductible.
  - "Scoperto" = co-insurance or percentage retention. Example: "10% scoperto" = insured bears 10%, insurer covers 90%.
  - Do not confuse in translation; they have different risk allocation impacts.

- **Italian Insurance Code (D.Lgs. 209/2005)**: Codice delle Assicurazioni Private is Italy's insurance law. Covers:
  - Articles 1-50: General provisions
  - Articles 100+: Life insurance
  - Articles 180+: Non-life insurance (property, liability, accident, etc.)
  - Strongly influenced by EU Insurance Directives; harmonised with EU law.

- **IVASS**: Italian insurance regulator with broad powers:
  - Licensing of insurers and intermediaries
  - Solvency oversight
  - Consumer protection
  - Conduct-of-business rules
  - Similar role to UK's PRA and FCA combined.

- **Insurer names**: Insurance company names should be retained as written in the source (e.g., Assicurazioni Generali, UnipolSai, Reale Mutua, AXA Italia, Zurich Italia). No translation needed — treat as proper nouns.

- **Italian-specific overinsurance / co-insurance concepts**:
  - **Sovrassicurazione** (Art. 1909 CC): overinsurance — where the insured value exceeds the true value of the insured interest; policy is void for the excess.
  - **Coassicurazione** (Art. 1911 CC): co-insurance — multiple insurers each cover a share of the same risk; each is liable only for its quota.
  - **Assicurazione presso diversi assicuratori** (Art. 1910 CC): concurrent insurance with multiple insurers; insured must notify each of the others.

- **EU Harmonisation**: Modern Italian insurance law is heavily influenced by:
  - Insurance Distribution Directive (IDD — 2016/97/EU)
  - Solvency II Directive (2009/138/EC)
  - Consumer Rights Directive (2011/83/EU)
  - These directives often pre-empt Italian national law; always check which applies.

- **Prescription in Italian Insurance Law**:
  - General contractual claims: 10 years (Art. 2946 CC).
  - Rights under the insurance contract: 2 years from the day the right could be asserted (Art. 2952 CC, as amended by Law 166/2008).
  - Claims arising from compulsory civil liability (MTPL) insurance: prescription aligned with the underlying tort action (5 years under Art. 2947 CC, or 10 years if arising from a crime with a longer prescription).
  - Always check specific policy terms and Italian Civil Code provisions.

## Additional Lawlinguists-validated Italian Transport / Insurance Mappings

| Italian | English |
|---|---|
| Codice della Navigazione (R.D. 327/1942) | Italian Navigation Code |
| Regole dell'Aia-Visby | Hague-Visby Rules |
| convenzione CMR | CMR Convention (road carriage) |
| convenzione CIM / COTIF | CIM / COTIF Convention (rail carriage) |
| convenzione di Montréal | Montreal Convention (air carriage) |
| ADR | ADR (carriage of dangerous goods by road) |
| IMO / OMI (Organizzazione Marittima Internazionale) | IMO (International Maritime Organization) |
| sea waybill | sea waybill (non-negotiable) |
| contratto di noleggio | charter-party |
| spedizioniere vettore | contracting freight forwarder (acting also as carrier) |
| mandatario di spedizione | freight-forwarding agent |
| depositario | warehousekeeper / bailee |
| impresa di trasporto | transport undertaking / carrier |
| subvezione | sub-carriage |
| avaria comune / general average | general average |
| contributo alle avarie | general average contribution |
| regolamento di York-Anversa | York-Antwerp Rules |
| rischi di navigazione | perils of the sea |
| assicurazione marittima | marine insurance |
| Institute Cargo Clauses A/B/C | Institute Cargo Clauses (A/B/C — standard London-market cargo terms) |
| polizza all risks / tutti i rischi | all-risks policy |
| polizza per rischi nominati | named-perils policy |
| interesse assicurabile | insurable interest |
| surroga dell'assicuratore (Art. 1916 CC) | subrogation of the insurer |
| abbandono all'assicuratore (Art. 540 CN) | abandonment to the insurer (in constructive total loss) |
| coassicurazione (Art. 1911 CC) | co-insurance |
| sovrassicurazione (Art. 1909 CC) | overinsurance |
| sottoassicurazione (Art. 1907 CC) | underinsurance |
| assicurazione presso diversi assicuratori (Art. 1910 CC) | concurrent insurance |
| clausola di regolazione del premio | premium-adjustment clause |
| premio minimo | minimum premium |
| premio supplementare | additional premium |
| massimale di indennizzo | sum insured / indemnity limit |
| scoperto | co-insurance retention (percentage-based) |
| massimo indennizzabile | maximum indemnifiable amount |
| clausola di lealtà professionale | good-faith / utmost-good-faith clause |
| obbligo di informazione (Art. 1892-1893 CC) | duty of disclosure (on policyholder) |
| reticenze e dichiarazioni inesatte | non-disclosure and misrepresentation (grounds for avoidance) |
| aggravamento del rischio | aggravation of risk |
| diminuzione del rischio | reduction of risk |
| CARD (Convenzione tra Assicuratori per il Risarcimento Diretto) | Italian direct-settlement agreement between motor insurers |
| risarcimento diretto | direct indemnification (motor TPL — D.L. 209/2005 system) |
| CTT (Convenzione Terzi Trasportati) | third-party passenger indemnification convention |
| polizza kasko | comprehensive motor insurance |
| polizza RCA (Responsabilità Civile Auto) | motor third-party liability insurance (compulsory — Arts. 122 et seq. Codice delle Assicurazioni Private) |
| polizza infortuni | personal accident policy |
| polizza rami danni | non-life policy |
| broker di assicurazioni | insurance broker |
| agente di assicurazioni | insurance agent |
| promotore assicurativo | insurance intermediary |
| RUI (Registro Unico degli Intermediari) | Single Register of Italian insurance intermediaries |
