---
name: conservation-easement
title: Conservation Easement
description: Drafts recordable conservation easement documents that permanently restrict land use to protect conservation values while preserving landowner rights. Ensures IRC §170(h) qualified conservation contribution compliance and state enabling statute conformity. Use when drafting conservation easements, land preservation agreements, perpetual restrictions, or qualified conservation contributions for tax deduction purposes.
author: CaseMark
author_url: https://github.com/CaseMark/skills/tree/main/skills/legal/conservation-easement
license: Apache-2.0
version: 0.1.0
execution_mode: open
jurisdiction: us
practice: real-estate
language: en
tags: [agreement, drafting, regulatory]
---

# Conservation Easement

Drafts a perpetual conservation easement that is recordable, IRC §170(h)-compliant, and enforceable against successors in interest.

## Prerequisites

1. **Property information** — legal description, county, state, parcel numbers, acreage, survey/plat
2. **Party details** — grantor (fee owner) name/capacity; grantee (qualified organization) name, 501(c)(3) status, state-law eligibility
3. **Baseline documentation report** — current condition inventory of conservation values
4. **Conservation values** — ecological, scenic, agricultural, historical, or open space features
5. **Existing encumbrances** — mortgages (subordination required for §170(h)), liens, existing easements, title exceptions
6. **Reserved rights scope** — uses grantor retains (residential, agricultural, recreational, limited development)
7. **Tax deduction intent** — whether easement qualifies under IRC §170(h)
8. **State-specific requirements** — enabling statute, execution formalities, recording format rules

## Quick Start

1. Collect all prerequisites; flag missing subordination agreements immediately
2. Identify conservation purposes and align to IRC §170(h)(4) categories
3. Draft sections in order below, tailoring restrictions to specific property values
4. Cross-check reserved rights against Treasury Reg. §1.170A-14 inconsistent-use standards
5. Verify state-specific execution and recording requirements before finalizing

## Output Structure

### 1. Preamble & Parties

| Element | Content |
|---|---|
| Grantor | Full legal name, address, capacity (individual/trust/entity) |
| Grantee | Name, address, 501(c)(3) status, state-law qualification |
| Property | Legal description, county, state, parcel numbers, acreage |
| Consideration | Monetary amount or nominal/$1 for donated easement |
| Recitals | Shared intent to preserve conservation values in perpetuity |
| Exhibits | Survey, baseline documentation report, management plans |

### 2. Grant of Easement

- Jurisdiction-appropriate conveyancing language; granted **in perpetuity**, runs with land, binds successors
- Identify conservation purposes under IRC §170(h)(4): habitat, open space, agriculture, scenic, historic
- Specify rights conveyed: development, subdivision, restricted use rights
- Confirm grantor retains fee simple subject to easement
- Require subordination of existing mortgages
- If tax-qualifying: state easement is a "qualified conservation contribution" under IRC §170(h)

### 3. Conservation Purposes & Values

- Describe specific values: wildlife habitat, water resources, agricultural soils, viewsheds, ecological connectivity
- Align each purpose to IRC §170(h)(4) categories
- Reference baseline documentation report (exhibit)
- Articulate public benefit: habitat connectivity, watershed protection, agricultural preservation
- State this section governs interpretation of all restrictions and reserved rights

### 4. Prohibited & Restricted Uses

| Category | Typical Restrictions |
|---|---|
| Subdivision & development | Prohibit or limit to defined building envelopes; density caps |
| Commercial/industrial/mining | Prohibit extraction beyond reserved rights |
| Natural features | No grading, filling, excavation, vegetation removal outside permitted management |
| Water resources | No diversion, impoundment, pollution |
| Waste & hazardous materials | No disposal, storage, or release |
| Signage & utilities | Limit to property-serving infrastructure |

Tailor to specific property — no generic boilerplate. For conditional restrictions, specify approval process (e.g., "grantee approval, not unreasonably withheld if consistent with conservation purposes").

### 5. Reserved Rights of Grantor

| Right | Conditions |
|---|---|
| Residential | Maintain/replace existing structures within defined footprint, location, height |
| Agricultural/forestry | Per best management practices and attached management plan |
| Recreational | Personal/guest use; must not impair conservation values |
| Access | Maintain existing roads, trails, utilities |
| Limited development | If any: define by building envelope, size, purpose |

For tax-qualifying easements: ensure reserved rights comply with Treasury Reg. inconsistent-use standards. Specify whether grantee approval may be withheld only for conservation harm or at broader discretion.

### 6. Stewardship, Monitoring & Enforcement

- **Access**: Grantee perpetual right to enter with reasonable notice (48 hours typical; immediate for emergencies)
- **Monitoring**: At least one annual site visit
- **Reporting**: Annual compliance confirmation; advance notice for activities requiring approval
- **Enforcement sequence**: written notice → cure period (30 days; shorter for ongoing harm) → injunctive relief, damages, restoration → enforcement costs and attorney's fees
- **Non-waiver**: Failure to enforce promptly does not waive future enforcement
- **Third-party defense**: Grantee defends easement; grantor cooperates
- **Stewardship funding**: Endowment contribution or annual fee

### 7. Assignment, Amendment & Extinguishment

- **Assignment** — only to qualified conservation organization with enforcement capacity; notice to grantor
- **Amendment** — must not diminish conservation purposes; comply with Treasury Regs for donated easements; written agreement of both parties; may require state AG approval
- **Extinguishment** — judicial proceeding only; grantee entitled to proportionate share of proceeds per Treasury Reg. §1.170A-14(g)(6) [VERIFY]
- **Perpetuity savings clause** — express intent for perpetual duration despite changed circumstances

### 8. General Provisions

Governing law (situs state), venue, severability, notice requirements, successors and assigns, recording obligations, liberal construction favoring conservation purposes, integration clause, counterparts, authority of signatories, state-specific statutory disclosures.

### 9. Exhibits & Execution

| Exhibit | Contents |
|---|---|
| A | Survey / legal description map with boundaries, building envelopes, restricted areas |
| B | Baseline documentation report |
| C | Management plan(s) if applicable |
| D | Mortgagee subordination agreement if encumbered |

Signature blocks with capacity designations; notarial acknowledgments per situs state; witness lines if state-required; verify recording office format requirements.

## Guidelines

- **IRC §170(h) compliance is mandatory** when tax deduction intended — evaluate every restriction and reserved right
- **Treasury Reg. §1.170A-14** governs baseline documentation, extinguishment proceeds, inconsistent-use analysis [VERIFY current version]
- **State enabling statutes vary significantly** — confirm execution, recording, amendment, enforcement requirements
- Use defined terms consistently; define on first use or in definitions section
- Resolve ambiguities in favor of conservation values (include express construction clause)
- Multi-jurisdiction properties: address governing law for each parcel
- Do not draft tax consequence representations — advise parties to consult tax counsel
- **Subordination of existing mortgages is required** for §170(h) compliance — flag if missing
- Mark unverifiable citations with [VERIFY]

## Troubleshooting

| Issue | Resolution |
|---|---|
| Missing mortgage subordination | Cannot qualify under §170(h) without it — obtain before finalizing or flag as non-qualifying |
| Grantee not qualified | Verify 501(c)(3) status and state-law authorization to hold conservation easements |
| Reserved rights conflict with conservation values | Narrow reserved rights or add grantee-approval conditions; evaluate against Treasury Reg. inconsistent-use standards |
| State recording format unknown | Research county recorder requirements for margins, font, page size before execution |
| Multi-state property | Draft separate governing law provisions per parcel; may need parallel recordings |
