# Japanese — IP, Technology and IT Sub-Lexicon

Combines Japanese-language IP/technology and IT/SaaS vocabulary. Part 1 covers copyright, industrial property (patents, designs, trade marks), trade secrets and technology transfer. Part 2 covers software licensing, SaaS/cloud services, implementation projects, SLAs, data processing and cybersecurity.

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## Part 1 — Intellectual Property and Technology

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Japanese intellectual property and
technology legal terms to their correct English equivalents.

## Core IP Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 知的財産権 | intellectual property rights (IPR) |
| 知的財産基本法 | Intellectual Property Basic Act |
| 特許権 | patent |
| 特許出願 | patent application |
| 特許登録 | patent registration |
| 実用新案権 | utility model right |
| 意匠権 | design right / registered design |
| 商標権 | trade mark (UK) / trademark (US) right |
| 商標登録 | trade mark (UK) / trademark (US) registration |
| 著作権 | copyright |
| 著作者人格権 | moral rights (of authorship) |
| 著作隣接権 | neighbouring rights (UK) / neighboring rights (US) |
| 営業秘密 / トレードシークレット | trade secret |
| 不正競争防止法 | Unfair Competition Prevention Act |
| 半導体集積回路配置権 | semiconductor layout design right |
| 育成者権 | plant variety right / plant breeder's right |

## Patent and Utility Model Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 発明 | invention |
| 特許請求の範囲 | claims |
| 明細書 | specification / description |
| 出願人 | applicant |
| 特許権者 | patentee / patent holder |
| 審査請求 | request for examination |
| 拒絶理由通知 | notice of reasons for refusal |
| 拒絶査定 | decision of refusal |
| 特許査定 | decision to grant |
| 異議申立て | opposition |
| 無効審判 | invalidation trial |
| 特許侵害 | patent infringement |
| 差止請求 | injunctive relief / cease and desist |
| 損害賠償請求 | claim for damages |
| 実施権 | licence (UK) / license (US) |
| 専用実施権 | exclusive licence (UK) / exclusive license (US) |
| 通常実施権 | non-exclusive licence (UK) / non-exclusive license (US) |
| 裁定実施権 | compulsory licence (UK) / compulsory license (US) |
| 先使用権 | prior user right |

## Licensing Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| ライセンス契約 / 実施許諾契約 | licence agreement (UK) / license agreement (US) |
| ライセンサー / 許諾者 | licensor |
| ライセンシー / 被許諾者 | licensee |
| 独占的ライセンス | exclusive licence (UK) / exclusive license (US) |
| 非独占的ライセンス | non-exclusive licence (UK) / non-exclusive license (US) |
| サブライセンス / 再実施権 | sublicence (UK) / sublicense (US) |
| 実施料 / ロイヤルティ | royalty / licence fee (UK) / license fee (US) |
| 一括払い実施料 | lump-sum royalty |
| ランニング・ロイヤルティ | running royalty |
| ミニマム・ロイヤルティ | minimum royalty |
| 監査権 / 帳簿閲覧権 | audit right |
| クロスライセンス | cross-licence (UK) / cross-license (US) |
| 技術導入契約 | technology import agreement |
| 改良技術 / 改良発明 | improvement |
| グラントバック | grant-back |

## Data Protection Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 個人情報保護法 (APPI) | Act on the Protection of Personal Information (APPI) |
| 個人データ | personal data |
| 要配慮個人情報 | special care-required personal information (sensitive data) |
| 匿名加工情報 | anonymously processed information |
| 仮名加工情報 | pseudonymously processed information |
| 個人情報取扱事業者 | personal information handling business operator |
| 利用目的 | purpose of use |
| 第三者提供 | provision to third parties |
| 本人の同意 | consent of the data subject |
| オプトアウト | opt-out |
| 越境移転 | cross-border transfer |
| 個人情報保護委員会 (PPC) | Personal Information Protection Commission (PPC) |

## Section Headings

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 定義 | DEFINITIONS |
| 実施許諾 | GRANT OF LICENSE (US default) / GRANT OF LICENCE (UK) |
| 実施料 | ROYALTIES |
| 知的財産権の帰属 | OWNERSHIP OF IP |
| 秘密保持 | CONFIDENTIALITY |
| 保証 | WARRANTIES |
| 責任制限 | LIMITATION OF LIABILITY |
| 解除 | TERMINATION |
| 一般条項 | MISCELLANEOUS |

## Notes

- **Patent Act (特許法)**: Japan's principal patent statute. Administered by the Japan
  Patent Office (JPO/特許庁). Reference as "Patent Act" on first mention.
- **"著作者人格権" (moral rights)**: Under Japanese Copyright Act, moral rights are
  non-transferable and cannot be waived. This is stricter than many jurisdictions. Standard
  practice is a "non-assertion" (不行使) clause rather than a waiver. Flag in translation.
- **APPI (個人情報保護法)**: Japan's data protection law, substantially revised in 2020
  (effective April 2022). Key features include cross-border transfer rules, individual
  rights, and breach notification requirements. Japan has EU adequacy recognition.
  Reference as "APPI" on first mention.
- **"専用実施権" vs "通常実施権"**: The exclusive license (専用実施権) must be registered
  with the JPO to have effect against third parties. The non-exclusive license (通常実施権)
  is effective without registration since the 2011 Patent Act amendment. Flag the
  registration requirement.
- **Antimonopoly Act and IP**: The Japan Fair Trade Commission (JFTC) publishes Guidelines
  on the Use of Intellectual Property under the Antimonopoly Act. Restrictive licensing
  practices (e.g., grant-back, non-compete, tying) may be challenged. Flag potential issues.

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## Part 2 — IT, Software and SaaS

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Japanese IT/SaaS legal terms to their
correct English equivalents.

## Core IT/SaaS Document Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| SaaS利用契約 / SaaS契約 | SaaS agreement |
| ソフトウェアライセンス契約 | software licence agreement (UK) / software license agreement (US) |
| クラウドサービス利用契約 | cloud services agreement |
| ソフトウェア開発委託契約 | software development agreement |
| システム開発契約 | systems development agreement |
| 保守契約 | maintenance agreement |
| 運用保守契約 | operation and maintenance agreement |
| システムインテグレーション契約 | systems integration agreement |
| ホスティング契約 | hosting agreement |
| IT業務委託契約 / マネージドサービス契約 | IT outsourcing agreement / managed services agreement |
| サービス提供者 / ベンダー | provider / vendor |
| 利用者 / ユーザー | customer / user |
| エンドユーザー | end user |
| 使用権 / 利用権 | right of use / user licence (UK) / user license (US) |
| アクセス権 | access right |
| サブスクリプション | subscription |
| サブスクリプション料金 | subscription fee |
| ライセンス料 | licence fee (UK) / license fee (US) |
| 導入費用 / 初期費用 | set-up fees / implementation fees |
| 保守料金 | maintenance fees |

## Technical Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| ソフトウェア | software |
| パッケージソフトウェア | off-the-shelf software / packaged software |
| カスタムソフトウェア / 受託開発ソフトウェア | bespoke software / custom software |
| ソースコード | source code |
| オブジェクトコード | object code |
| ソースコードエスクロー | source code escrow |
| API (アプリケーション・プログラミング・インターフェース) | application programming interface (API) |
| データベース | database |
| インフラストラクチャー | infrastructure |
| サーバー | server |
| データセンター | data centre (UK) / data center (US) |
| 帯域幅 / バンド幅 | bandwidth |
| ストレージ | storage |
| バックアップ | backup |
| リカバリー / 復旧 | recovery / restore |
| データ移行 / マイグレーション | data migration |
| 相互運用性 | interoperability |
| インテグレーション / 連携 | integration |
| 設定 / コンフィグレーション | configuration |
| カスタマイゼーション | customisation (UK) / customization (US) |
| アップデート | update |
| アップグレード | upgrade |
| パッチ / ホットフィックス | patch / hotfix |
| リリース / バージョン | release / version |
| 本番環境 | production environment |
| テスト環境 / ステージング環境 | test environment / staging environment |

## Service Level Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| サービスレベル | service level |
| サービスレベル合意書 (SLA) | service level agreement (SLA) |
| 稼働率 / 可用性 | availability / uptime |
| 稼働率保証 | availability guarantee |
| ダウンタイム | downtime |
| 計画停止 / メンテナンスウィンドウ | scheduled downtime / planned maintenance |
| 応答時間 | response time |
| 解決時間 | resolution time |
| インシデント / 障害 | incident |
| 重大障害 / クリティカルインシデント | major incident / critical incident |
| インシデント管理 | incident management |
| エスカレーション | escalation |
| サービスクレジット | service credits |
| 災害復旧計画 (DRP) | disaster recovery plan (DRP) |
| 事業継続計画 (BCP) | business continuity plan (BCP) |

## Data and Security Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 個人情報 | personal information / personal data |
| データ処理 | data processing |
| データ管理者 | data controller (equivalent) |
| データ処理者 | data processor (equivalent) |
| データ主体 | data subject |
| セキュリティ対策 | security measures |
| 情報セキュリティマネジメントシステム (ISMS) | information security management system (ISMS) |
| ISO 27001 | ISO 27001 |
| 脆弱性 | vulnerability |
| データ漏洩 / 情報漏洩 | data breach |
| 漏洩通知 | breach notification |
| 暗号化 | encryption |
| アクセス制御 | access control |

## Section Headings

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| サービス範囲 | SCOPE OF SERVICES |
| 利用権 / ライセンス | LICENSE (US default) / LICENCE (UK) |
| SLA / サービスレベル | SERVICE LEVELS |
| 料金及び支払 | FEES AND PAYMENT |
| データ保護 | DATA PROTECTION |
| 解除 / 終了 | TERMINATION |

## Notes

- **"業務委託" in IT context**: Japanese IT agreements are frequently titled "業務委託契約"
  (outsourcing agreement). As with service agreements generally, the legal classification
  as 請負 (contract for work) or 準委任 (quasi-mandate) affects the warranty and liability
  regime. Systems development is typically classified as 請負 for the development phase
  and 準委任 for requirements definition and testing phases. Flag the classification.
- **METI model contracts**: The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI/経済産業省)
  publishes model contracts for systems development and data utilization. These are widely
  referenced in the Japanese IT industry. Follow METI terminology where applicable.
- **"ソースコードエスクロー"**: Source code escrow is less common in Japan than in the US/UK
  but is increasingly used in critical enterprise software deals. No specific statutory
  framework. Translate as "source code escrow" and note.
- **APPI and cloud services**: When personal information is stored on cloud infrastructure
  (especially overseas servers), APPI cross-border transfer rules apply. The 2022 amendments
  require detailed information about the foreign country's data protection regime. Flag
  when translating cloud service agreements.
- **"請負" classification for development**: If the IT agreement is classified as 請負,
  the vendor bears non-conformity liability (契約不適合責任) under the 2020 Civil Code
  reform. The limitation period is one year from discovery. Flag in translation.
