# Finnish — Real Estate Sub-Lexicon

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Finnish real estate legal terms to
their correct English equivalents.

## Core Real Estate Terms

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| kiinteistö | real property / real estate / immovable property |
| irtain omaisuus | movable property / personal property |
| maa-alue / tontti | land / plot |
| rakennus | building |
| asunto-osake / huoneisto | apartment / flat (UK) / condominium unit |
| asunto-osakeyhtiö (As. Oy) | housing company (asunto-osakeyhtiö) |
| liike-/toimistotila | commercial / office premises |
| kiinteistörekisteri | real property register |
| kiinteistötunnus | property identifier |
| lainhuuto | registration of title / title registration |
| lainhuuto- ja kiinnitysrekisteri | title and mortgage register |
| omistusoikeus | ownership / title |
| yhteisomistus | co-ownership / joint ownership |
| osuus | share / undivided interest |
| vuokraoikeus (maanvuokra) | leasehold right |
| maanvuokrasopimus | ground lease / land lease |
| erityinen oikeus | special right / easement |

## Sale and Purchase Terms

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| kauppakirja / kiinteistön kauppakirja | deed of sale / sale and purchase agreement |
| myyjä | seller / vendor |
| ostaja | buyer / purchaser |
| kauppahinta | purchase price |
| käsiraha | earnest money / deposit |
| välisuoritus | interim payment |
| loppukauppahinta | balance of purchase price |
| kiinteistön tarkastus / due diligence | property inspection / due diligence |
| kuntotarkastus | condition assessment / building survey |
| kiinteistönvälittäjä | real estate agent / estate agent |
| välityspalkkio | brokerage commission |
| hallintaoikeuden siirto | transfer of possession |
| omistusoikeuden siirto | transfer of ownership / title |
| lainhuudatus | registration of title |
| kiinteistön kaupan muotovaatimus | formal requirements for real property transactions |
| virhevastuu (kiinteistö) | defect liability (real property) |
| salainen virhe | latent defect / hidden defect |
| varainsiirtovero | transfer tax / stamp duty |

## Registration and Title Terms

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| maanmittauslaitos (MML) | National Land Survey of Finland (NLS) |
| kiinnitys | mortgage registration |
| panttikirja (sähköinen) | mortgage deed (electronic) |
| erityisen oikeuden kirjaaminen | registration of special right |
| rasitustodistus | certificate of encumbrances |
| lainhuutotodistus | certificate of title |
| kiinteistörekisteriote | real property register extract |
| kaupanvahvistaja | purchase witness / notary (for real property) |
| kiinteistötoimitukset | cadastral surveys |
| lohkominen | subdivision |
| yhdistäminen | amalgamation |
| rasiteoikeus | encumbrance / servitude |

## Lease Terms

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| huoneenvuokrasopimus | lease agreement / tenancy agreement |
| vuokranantaja | lessor / landlord |
| vuokralainen | lessee / tenant |
| vuokra | rent |
| vastike (asunto-osakeyhtiö) | maintenance charge / service charge |
| hoitovastike | maintenance charge |
| rahoitusvastike | capital charge / financing charge |
| vuokravakuus | security deposit |
| määräaikainen vuokrasopimus | fixed-term lease |
| toistaiseksi voimassa oleva vuokrasopimus | open-ended lease / periodic tenancy |
| irtisanomisaika | notice period |
| vuokralaisen irtisanomissuoja | tenant protection against termination |
| ennallistamisvelvollisuus | obligation to restore / reinstatement obligation |
| alivuokraus | subletting |

## Zoning and Planning Terms

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| maankäytön suunnittelu / kaavoitus | land use planning / zoning |
| maakuntakaava | regional land use plan |
| yleiskaava | master plan / general plan |
| asemakaava | detailed plan / local plan |
| rakennusjärjestys | building ordinance |
| rakennuslupa | building permit |
| toimenpidelupa | action permit |
| poikkeamislupa | dispensation / deviation permit |
| tonttitehokkuus / rakennusoikeus | building right / floor area ratio |
| käyttötarkoitus | permitted use |

## Section Headings

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| kaupan kohde | SUBJECT MATTER |
| kauppahinta ja maksaminen | PURCHASE PRICE AND PAYMENT |
| hallinnan ja omistusoikeuden siirto | DELIVERY AND TRANSFER OF TITLE |
| rasitukset ja kiinnitykset | ENCUMBRANCES |
| vakuutukset | REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES |
| vuokraehdot | LEASE TERMS |
| kiinteistönhoito | PROPERTY MANAGEMENT |
| ennallistaminen | REINSTATEMENT |
| yleiset ehdot | MISCELLANEOUS |

## Notes

- **Formal requirements for real property transactions**: Under the Code of Real Estate
  (maakaari, 540/1995), the sale of real property requires a written deed of sale confirmed
  by a purchase witness (kaupanvahvistaja). Failure to comply renders the transaction void.
  This is a strict formality requirement. Always flag.
- **"Asunto-osakeyhtiö" (housing company)**: A uniquely Finnish form — apartment ownership
  is structured as share ownership in a housing company. The shareholder holds shares that
  entitle them to occupy a specific unit. The housing company owns the building and land.
  No direct common law equivalent. Translate as "housing company" and explain.
- **"Lainhuuto" (registration of title)**: Title must be registered with the National Land
  Survey within 6 months of acquisition. The transfer tax (3% for real property from 1 January
  2024) is payable upon registration. Late registration triggers penalty interest. Flag the
  registration requirement.
- **"Kuntotarkastus" (condition assessment)**: A standard property inspection conducted
  before purchase. The buyer has an obligation to inspect the property (selonottovelvollisuus).
  The scope of the buyer's inspection duty is critical for defect claims. Translate as
  "condition assessment" and note the buyer's duty.
- **Transfer tax (varainsiirtovero)**: From 1 January 2024 the rate is 3% for real property
  (previously 4%), 1.5% for housing company shares and other securities (previously 2%).
  The first-time buyer exemption (for buyers aged 18-39) was abolished from 1 January 2024.
  Flag the applicable rate based on the date of the transaction.
- **Tenant protection**: The Act on Residential Leases (laki asuinhuoneiston vuokrauksesta)
  provides significant tenant protection. Commercial leases are more freely negotiable
  under the Act on Commercial Leases (laki liikehuoneiston vuokrauksesta). Flag the
  applicable statute.
