# Japanese — Employment Sub-Lexicon

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Japanese employment legal terms to their
correct English equivalents.

## Core Employment Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 労働契約 / 雇用契約 | employment contract / labour (UK) / labor (US) contract |
| 労働関係 / 雇用関係 | employment relationship |
| 使用者 / 雇用主 | employer |
| 労働者 / 従業員 | employee / worker |
| 正社員 / 正規雇用 | regular employee / permanent employee |
| 非正規雇用 / 非正規社員 | non-regular employee / atypical worker |
| 契約社員 / 有期雇用労働者 | fixed-term employee |
| パートタイム労働者 | part-time worker |
| 派遣労働者 | dispatched worker / temporary agency worker |
| 派遣元事業主 | dispatching agency / staffing agency |
| 業務請負 / 業務委託 | independent contractor arrangement / outsourcing |
| 偽装請負 | disguised employment / sham contracting |
| 試用期間 | probationary period / trial period |
| 職務内容 / 業務内容 | job description / duties |
| 就業場所 | place of work |
| 労働時間 | working hours / working time |
| 所定労働時間 | prescribed working hours |
| 法定労働時間 (40時間/週) | statutory working hours (40 hours/week) |
| 変形労働時間制 | variable working hours system |
| フレックスタイム制 | flextime system |
| 裁量労働制 | discretionary working hours system (deemed hours) |
| 時間外労働 / 残業 | overtime |
| 残業代 / 時間外手当 | overtime pay / overtime premium |
| テレワーク / 在宅勤務 | remote work / telework |

## Remuneration Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 賃金 / 給与 / 報酬 | wages / salary / remuneration |
| 基本給 | base salary |
| 税込給与 / 総支給額 | gross salary |
| 手取り / 差引支給額 | net salary |
| 賞与 / ボーナス | bonus |
| 業績賞与 | performance bonus |
| 諸手当 | allowances |
| 通勤手当 | commuting allowance |
| 住宅手当 | housing allowance |
| 健康保険 | health insurance |
| 厚生年金保険 | employees' pension insurance |
| 雇用保険 | employment insurance |
| 確定拠出年金 (DC) / 企業型年金 | defined contribution pension (DC) |
| 確定給付年金 (DB) | defined benefit pension (DB) |
| ストックオプション | stock options |
| 退職金 / 退職慰労金 | retirement allowance / severance pay |

## Leave and Absence Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 年次有給休暇 / 年休 | annual paid leave |
| 法定年休 | statutory annual leave |
| 未消化年休の買取り | payment in lieu of untaken annual leave |
| 病気休暇 / 傷病休暇 | sick leave |
| 休職 | leave of absence |
| 慶弔休暇 | congratulatory and condolence leave |
| 結婚休暇 | marriage leave |
| 忌引休暇 | bereavement leave |
| 産前産後休業 | maternity leave (pre- and post-natal) |
| 育児休業 | childcare leave / parental leave |
| 産後パパ育休 / 出生時育児休業 | paternity leave / childbirth childcare leave |
| 介護休業 | family care leave |
| 看護休暇 | child nursing leave |
| 生理休暇 | menstrual leave |
| 労災休業 | work injury leave |

## Termination Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 労働契約の終了 | termination of employment |
| 合意退職 | termination by mutual agreement |
| 自己都合退職 / 辞職 | resignation / voluntary termination |
| 解雇 | dismissal |
| 普通解雇 | ordinary dismissal |
| 懲戒解雇 | disciplinary dismissal / dismissal for cause |
| 解雇予告 / 30日前予告 | 30-day notice of dismissal |
| 解雇予告手当 | payment in lieu of notice |
| 退職勧奨 | encouraged resignation / voluntary separation offer |
| 雇止め (有期契約) | non-renewal of fixed-term contract |
| 雇止め法理 | expectation of renewal doctrine |
| 労働審判 | labour (UK) / labor (US) tribunal procedure |
| 労働委員会 | Labour (UK) / Labor (US) Relations Commission |
| 離職票 | separation notice / certificate of termination |
| 退職証明書 | certificate of employment |
| 業務引継ぎ | handover / transition |
| 競業避止義務 | non-compete obligation |

## Collective Labour Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 企業別組合 | enterprise union / company union |
| 産業別組合 | industrial union |
| 労働協約 | collective agreement / collective bargaining agreement |
| 団体交渉 | collective bargaining |
| 団体行動権 / 争議権 | right to collective action / right to strike |
| 不当労働行為 | unfair labour (UK) / labor (US) practice |
| 労使協定 | labour-management agreement (UK) / labor-management agreement (US) |
| 三六協定 (時間外労働協定) | Article 36 agreement (overtime agreement) |

## Non-Compete and Confidentiality Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 競業避止義務 / 競業禁止 | non-compete / post-employment non-compete |
| 競業避止義務の合理性 | reasonableness of non-compete |
| 代償措置 | compensatory measures (for non-compete) |
| 秘密保持義務 | duty of confidentiality |
| 秘密保持誓約書 | confidentiality undertaking |
| 知的財産権の帰属 (職務発明) | IP ownership (employee inventions) |
| 職務発明 | employee invention / service invention |
| 相当の利益 | reasonable benefit (for employee inventions) |
| 引抜き禁止 / 勧誘禁止 | non-solicitation |

## Section Headings

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 当事者 | PARTIES |
| 職務及び職責 | DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES |
| 賃金 / 報酬 | REMUNERATION |
| 休暇 | LEAVE |
| 社会保険及び福利厚生 | SOCIAL INSURANCE AND BENEFITS |
| 契約の終了 | TERMINATION |
| 競業避止 | NON-COMPETE |
| 秘密保持 | CONFIDENTIALITY |
| 附則 | SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS |

## Notes

- **Labour Standards Act (労働基準法)**: Japan's foundational employment legislation, enacted
  1947. Sets minimum standards for working hours, wages, leave, and dismissal. Reference as
  "Labour Standards Act" on first mention.
- **Labour Contract Act (労働契約法)**: Enacted 2007. Key provisions include the abuse of
  right to dismiss doctrine (Art. 16), the expectation of renewal for fixed-term contracts
  (Art. 19), and the conversion right to permanent employment after 5 years (Art. 18).
- **"解雇権濫用法理"**: Japanese law makes dismissal extremely difficult. The abuse of
  right to dismiss doctrine requires that dismissal be based on objectively reasonable
  grounds and be socially acceptable. This is one of the most protective dismissal regimes
  globally. Flag in all employment translations.
- **"整理解雇" (economic dismissal)**: Four requirements: (1) business necessity, (2)
  efforts to avoid dismissal, (3) reasonable selection criteria, and (4) procedural fairness.
  Courts scrutinise all four. Translate as "economic dismissal" and note the requirements.
- **"三六協定" (Article 36 agreement)**: A labour-management agreement required before an
  employer can require overtime. The 2019 Work Style Reform caps overtime at 45 hours/month
  and 360 hours/year (with exceptions up to 720 hours/year). Flag the overtime limits.
- **"就業規則" (work rules)**: Employers with 10+ employees must establish and file work
  rules with the Labour Standards Inspection Office. Work rules are binding on employees and
  function as a quasi-regulatory instrument. Translate as "work rules" and note the
  binding nature.
- **"職務発明"**: Under the Patent Act (Art. 35), employers can claim rights to employee
  inventions made in the course of employment, but must provide "reasonable benefit" to the
  inventor. The 2015 amendment allows pre-assignment by agreement. Flag when translating.

## Standard Bilingual Dictionary (2006) — Additional Mappings

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 労働者 | worker / employee (the Labour Standards Act definition is broader than the civil-law employee — uses "worker") |
| 使用者 | employer |
| 就業規則 | rules of employment / work rules (mandatory in establishments with ≥10 employees — Art. 89 Labour Standards Act) |
| 労働契約 | labour contract / employment contract |
| 無期雇用 | indefinite-term employment (permanent) |
| 有期雇用 | fixed-term employment |
| 整理解雇 | redundancy dismissal / economic dismissal |
| 諭旨解雇 | dismissal by persuasion (intermediate between disciplinary and resignation — employee accepts voluntary terms) |
| 解雇権濫用法理 | abuse-of-dismissal-right doctrine (Art. 16 Labour Contract Act — dismissal without objectively reasonable cause is void) |
| 整理解雇の4要件 | four requirements for redundancy dismissal (necessity, efforts to avoid dismissal, selection-criteria reasonableness, procedural fairness — judicial test) |
| 退職 | resignation / separation |
| 退職金 | retirement allowance / severance pay |
| 賞与 (ボーナス) | bonus |
| 賃金 | wages (Labour Standards Act term) |
| 給料 / 給与 | salary |
| 残業代 | overtime pay |
| 36協定 (サブロク協定) | Article-36 agreement (labour-management agreement authorising overtime — required by Art. 36 Labour Standards Act) |
| 36協定の上限 | Art. 36 upper limits (100 hrs/month or 720 hrs/year — post-2018 Work-Style Reform) |
| 専門業務型裁量労働制 | specialised-work discretionary system |
| 企画業務型裁量労働制 | planning-work discretionary system |
| 高度プロフェッショナル制度 | highly professional employee exemption (post-2019 "white-collar exemption") |
| 年次有給休暇 | annual paid leave (10 days after 6 months; rises to 20 days after 6.5 years) |
| 年5日の時季指定義務 | obligation to designate 5 days' leave (Art. 39(7) Labour Standards Act — employer must ensure 5 days/year taken) |
| 育児介護休業法 | Child Care and Family Care Leave Act |
| 出生時育児休業 (産後パパ育休) | post-birth paternity leave (up to 4 weeks within 8 weeks of birth — 2022 reform) |
| 労働組合 | labour union (UK) / labor union (US) |
| 労働基準監督署 | Labour Standards Inspection Office |
| 労働局 | Labour Bureau (prefectural) |
| 社会保険 | social insurance (aggregate of health, pension, long-term-care, employment, workers' compensation) |
| 厚生年金 | employees' pension (Japanese corporate-employees' second-tier pension) |
| 労災保険 | workers' accident compensation insurance |
| 介護保険 | long-term-care insurance |
| 同一労働同一賃金 | equal pay for equal work (Arts. 8-9 Part-Time and Fixed-Term Employment Act — 2020 reform) |
| 無期転換ルール | indefinite-conversion rule (5-year rule — Art. 18 Labour Contract Act) |
| ハラスメント | harassment |
| パワーハラスメント (パワハラ) | workplace power harassment |
| セクシュアルハラスメント (セクハラ) | sexual harassment |
| マタニティハラスメント (マタハラ) | maternity harassment |
| 派遣法 | Worker Dispatch Act |
| 請負 | contract for work (Art. 632 Civil Code — distinct from employment) |
| 請負人 | contractor |
| 業務委託契約 | business consignment agreement (generic service-provision contract — distinct from employment; "gig" arrangements) |
