# Italian — EPC / Energy / Infrastructure Sub-Lexicon

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Italian EPC/construction legal terms to
their correct English equivalents.

## Core EPC Terms

| Italian | English |
|---|---|
| contratto EPC / contratto chiavi in mano | EPC contract / turnkey contract |
| contratto di costruzione | construction contract / building contract |
| contratto di appalto | construction contract / works contract |
| contratto di subappalto | subcontract |
| contratto di O&M / esercizio e manutenzione | O&M agreement (operations & maintenance) |
| appaltatore / impresa costruttrice | contractor / EPC contractor |
| subappaltatore | subcontractor |
| committente / stazione appaltante | employer / owner / principal |
| direttore dei lavori | engineer (FIDIC) / works supervisor (non-FIDIC) |
| responsabile del procedimento | employer's representative |
| progettazione | design / engineering |
| progettazione esecutiva | construction design |
| progettazione di base | basic / preliminary design |
| approvvigionamento / fornitura | procurement |
| costruzione / realizzazione | construction |
| messa in servizio / commissioning | commissioning |
| collaudo / testing | acceptance test |
| collaudo provvisorio | provisional acceptance test / taking over |
| collaudo definitivo | final acceptance test |
| certificato di collaudo provvisorio | taking-over certificate / PAC |
| certificato di collaudo definitivo | final acceptance certificate / FAC |
| completamento meccanico | mechanical completion |
| completamento sostanziale | substantial completion |
| periodo di garanzia | defects liability period / warranty period |
| presa in consegna | taking over |
| consegna del sito | site handover / access to site |

## Design Stage Terminology (CRITICAL)

| Italian | English | Avoid |
|---|---|---|
| progetto preliminare | preliminary design | "preliminary project" |
| progetto definitivo | detailed design | "definitive project" (calque), "preliminary design" (WRONG STAGE) |
| progetto esecutivo | construction design | "executive project" (calque), "detailed design" (reserve for definitivo) |
| disegni esecutivi | construction design / working drawings | "as-built drawings" (WRONG — as-builts are post-construction) |

**WARNING**: Confusing "progetto definitivo" (detailed design) with "preliminary design"
is a material translation error. The three stages form a hierarchy:
Preliminary Design → Detailed Design → Construction Design. Getting these wrong changes the contractual meaning.

**WARNING**: "Disegni esecutivi" (construction design/working drawings) and "disegni as-built"
(as-built drawings) are completely different things. Construction design documents are produced
BEFORE construction; as-built drawings are produced AFTER construction showing what was
actually built.

## Financial and Commercial Terms

| Italian | English |
|---|---|
| prezzo contrattuale / corrispettivo | contract price |
| prezzo a corpo / prezzo forfettario | lump sum price |
| prezzo a misura | unit price / re-measurable price |
| variante / ordine di variazione | variation / change order |
| stato di avanzamento lavori (SAL) | progress payment / interim payment |
| certificato di pagamento | payment certificate |
| ritenuta a garanzia | retention / retention money |
| svincolo della ritenuta | release of retention |
| garanzia di buona esecuzione | performance bond / performance guarantee |
| garanzia per anticipo | advance payment guarantee |
| garanzia per la fase di garanzia | warranty bond / defects liability guarantee |
| cauzione provvisoria | bid bond / tender guarantee |
| penale per ritardo | delay damages / liquidated damages for delay |
| penale per mancato raggiungimento prestazioni | performance liquidated damages |
| bonus per completamento anticipato | early completion bonus |
| tetto massimo delle penali | aggregate cap on liquidated damages |
| costo aggiuntivo | additional cost |
| reclamo / richiesta | claim |

## Technical and Program Terms

| Italian | English |
|---|---|
| cronoprogramma / programma lavori | project schedule |
| percorso critico | critical path |
| data di inizio lavori | commencement date |
| data di completamento | completion date / time for completion |
| proroga dei tempi | extension of time (EOT) |
| ritardo scusabile | excusable delay |
| ritardo compensabile | compensable delay |
| sospensione dei lavori | suspension of the works |
| ripresa dei lavori | resumption of the works |
| specifiche tecniche | technical specifications |
| materiali e attrezzature | materials and equipment |
| cantiere / sito | site |
| opere provvisorie | temporary works |
| opere permanenti | permanent works |

## Section Headings

| Italian | English |
|---|---|
| OGGETTO DEL CONTRATTO | SCOPE OF WORKS |
| PREZZO E PAGAMENTI | CONTRACT PRICE AND PAYMENT |
| TEMPI DI ESECUZIONE | TIME FOR COMPLETION |
| COSTRUZIONE | CONSTRUCTION |
| COLLAUDO E ACCETTAZIONE | TESTING AND ACCEPTANCE |
| VARIANTI | VARIATIONS |
| RESPONSABILITÀ E GARANZIE | LIABILITY AND WARRANTIES |
| RISOLUZIONE DEL CONTRATTO | TERMINATION |
| ASSICURAZIONI | INSURANCE |
| FORZA MAGGIORE | FORCE MAJEURE |
| RISOLUZIONE DELLE CONTROVERSIE | DISPUTE RESOLUTION |

## Project Finance Cross-Over Terms

| Italian | English | Avoid |
|---|---|---|
| comunicazione di avvio | notice to proceed (NTP) | "start communication" |
| istituti finanziatori | finance parties | "financing institutions" |
| mutamenti legislativi | change in law | "legislative changes" |
| accordo diretto | direct agreement | — |
| recesso | termination for convenience | "withdrawal", "recession" |
| risoluzione per inadempimento | termination for default | "resolution for non-performance" |

## Notes

- **FIDIC alignment**: Use FIDIC terminology where the source document follows that structure:
  "Engineer" (not "Director of Works"), "Taking-Over Certificate" (not "Provisional Acceptance
  Certificate"), "Defects Notification Period" (FIDIC 2017).
- **"Employer" vs "Owner"**: FIDIC uses "Employer"; many US contracts use "Owner". Default to
  "Employer" for international/European contracts.
- **"Penale"**: Always translate as "liquidated damages" (not "penalties") to ensure
  enforceability under English law.
- **"Direttore dei Lavori"**: In FIDIC context → "Engineer". In non-FIDIC Italian domestic
  context → "works supervisor". Never use "works director" (literal calque).

## Core Energy Terms

| Italian Source | English Translation |
|---|---|
| contratto di acquisto di energia / PPA | power purchase agreement (PPA) |
| contratto di fornitura di energia | energy supply agreement |
| contratto di dispacciamento | balancing / dispatch agreement |
| contratto di connessione alla rete | grid connection agreement |
| contratto di trasporto dell'energia | energy transmission agreement |
| contratto di distribuzione | distribution agreement |
| contratto di vendita dell'energia | energy sale agreement |
| contratto di offtake | offtake agreement |
| contratto di tolling | tolling agreement |

## Permits and Authorizations

| Italian Source | English Translation |
|---|---|
| concessione | concession |
| concessione di lavori pubblici | public works concession |
| concessione di servizio pubblico | public service concession |
| autorizzazione unica | single authorization |
| autorizzazione integrata ambientale (AIA) | integrated environmental authorization / IED permit (EU Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU; retain "IED permit" in English to avoid confusion with "IEA" = International Energy Agency) |
| valutazione di impatto ambientale (VIA) | environmental impact assessment (EIA) |
| valutazione ambientale strategica (VAS) | strategic environmental assessment (SEA) |
| autorizzazione paesaggistica | landscape authorization |
| titolo abilitativo | permit / authorization |

## Renewables Terms

| Italian Source | English Translation |
|---|---|
| energia rinnovabile | renewable energy |
| fonte rinnovabile | renewable source |
| impianto fotovoltaico | photovoltaic (PV) plant |
| impianto eolico | wind farm / wind energy plant |
| parco eolico | wind farm |
| turbina eolica | wind turbine |
| impianto a biomassa | biomass plant |
| impianto idroelettrico | hydroelectric plant |
| impianto solare termodinamico | concentrated solar power (CSP) plant |
| sistema di accumulo / batteria | energy storage system / battery |
| potenza installata | installed capacity |
| potenza nominale | rated capacity / nameplate capacity |
| MW / megawatt | MW (megawatt) |
| MWh / megawattora | MWh (megawatt-hour) |
| producibilità attesa | expected generation / expected output |
| ore equivalenti | equivalent hours |
| fattore di capacità | capacity factor |
| curtailment / riduzione di produzione | curtailment / grid curtailment |
| autoconsumo | self-consumption |
| comunità energetica | energy community |
| certificato verde | green certificate |
| garanzia di origine (GO) | guarantee of origin (GO) |
| certificato bianco / TEE | white certificate / energy efficiency certificate |

## Grid and Network Terms

| Italian Source | English Translation |
|---|---|
| rete elettrica | electricity grid / power grid |
| rete di trasmissione | transmission network |
| rete di distribuzione | distribution network |
| gestore della rete di trasmissione (TSO) | transmission system operator (TSO) |
| gestore della rete di distribuzione (DSO) | distribution system operator (DSO) |
| punto di connessione | connection point |
| punto di consegna | delivery point |
| punto di immissione | injection point |
| punto di prelievo | offtake point / metering point |
| contatore | meter |
| misura / misurazione | metering |
| dispacciamento | dispatch / balancing |
| bilanciamento | balancing |
| oneri di sistema | system charges |
| corrispettivo di connessione | connection charge |
| corrispettivo di trasporto | transmission charge |
| perdite di rete | grid losses / network losses |
| servizi ancillari | ancillary services |

## Tariff and Regulatory Terms (Italian-Specific)

| Italian Source | English Translation | Note |
|---|---|---|
| tariffa incentivante | incentive tariff / feed-in tariff | Specific to Italian renewable support schemes |
| tariffa omnicomprensiva | all-inclusive tariff | Italian historical mechanism |
| conto energia | feed-in tariff scheme / "conto energia" scheme | Italy's primary FIT program (post-2005); keep Italian name with English explanation |
| scambio sul posto | net metering | Italian mechanism for self-consumption crediting |
| ritiro dedicato | dedicated offtake / simplified sale | Italian utility sale mechanism; distinct from PPA |
| prezzo zonale | zonal price | Italian wholesale market structure |
| mercato del giorno prima (MGP) | day-ahead market | IPEX primary market in Italy |
| mercato infragiornaliero (MI) | intra-day market | IPEX continuous trading in Italy |
| mercato dei servizi di dispacciamento (MSD) | ancillary services market | Italian real-time balancing market |

## Italian Regulatory Bodies (Keep Acronyms)

| Italian Source | English Translation | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Gestore dei Servizi Energetici (GSE) | GSE (Italian energy services manager) | Entity managing Italian renewable support mechanisms and net metering |
| Gestore dei Mercati Energetici (GME) | GME (Italian energy market operator) | Operator of Italian electricity wholesale markets (IPEX) |
| Terna | Terna (Italian TSO) | Italian transmission system operator; fully privatized but state-owned |
| ARERA (Autorità di Regolazione per Energia Reti e Ambiente) | ARERA (Italian energy regulatory authority) | Regulates energy, gas, water, waste sectors in Italy |
| delibera ARERA | ARERA resolution / ARERA decision | Regulatory decision issued by ARERA; binding on market participants |

## Concession and Infrastructure Terms

| Italian Source | English Translation |
|---|---|
| convenzione di concessione | concession agreement |
| disciplinare di concessione | concession terms / concession specifications |
| durata della concessione | concession period / concession term |
| canone concessorio | concession fee |
| beni in concessione | concession assets |
| beni reversibili | reversionary assets / assets reverting to the authority |
| valore di subentro | step-in value |
| piano economico-finanziario (PEF) | financial model / financial plan |
| equilibrio economico-finanziario | financial equilibrium |
| revisione del PEF | financial plan revision |
| project bond | project bond |
| contributo pubblico | public contribution / government grant |
| tariffa | tariff |
| adeguamento tariffario | tariff adjustment |

## Notes on Italian Regulatory Context

- **GSE vs. GME**: GSE manages renewable support (FIT, net metering, green certificates). GME operates wholesale markets. Distinct entities; do not confuse.

- **ARERA Delibere**: Italian regulatory decisions ("delibere") are numbered chronologically. Example: "ARERA delibera 300/2017/R/eel" = Resolution 300 issued in 2017 on electricity. Translate as "ARERA Resolution" or "ARERA Decision" when citing.

- **"Conto Energia"**: Italy's primary FIT scheme, operational 2005–2013 with legacy incentives continuing. Explain as: "Italy's 'conto energia' feed-in tariff scheme". Do not translate the Italian term; it is a proper name.

- **Capacity vs. Energy**: Italian contracts often confuse "potenza" (MW, capacity) with "energia" (MWh, energy). In translation, clarify the unit and concept to prevent errors.

- **"Ritiro Dedicato"**: Italian utility-purchase mechanism at regulated prices; distinct from PPA. Translate as "simplified sale" or "dedicated offtake" in energy context.

- **Energy Units**: Italian convention uses "MW" for power, "MWh" for energy. UK/US follow same convention. Always specify units clearly in translated English.
