# Portuguese — Litigation, Administrative, Criminal and Settlement Sub-Lexicon

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Portuguese civil, administrative,
criminal procedural, settlement and arbitration terms to their correct English
equivalents. Covers the Portuguese court system (tribunais judiciais and
administrativos), the 2013 Civil Procedure Code (CPC), the 2015 Administrative
Procedure Code (CPA) and Administrative Courts Code (CPTA), the Criminal
Procedure Code (CPP) and Criminal Code (CP), the 2011 Voluntary Arbitration Act
(LAV, UNCITRAL Model Law-based) and the transação regime under the Civil Code
(Arts. 1248–1250). Flags Brazilian Portuguese variants where relevant.

## Court System and Judicial Actors

| Portuguese | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| tribunal | court | |
| tribunais judiciais | ordinary / judicial courts | Civil and criminal |
| tribunal judicial de comarca | district court | First-instance ordinary court; organised into judicial comarcas |
| juízo local cível / juízo central cível | local / central civil chamber | Within tribunal de comarca |
| juízo de instrução criminal | investigating chamber | Criminal pre-trial |
| juízo de família e menores | family and juvenile chamber | |
| juízo do trabalho | labour chamber | |
| juízo de comércio | commerce chamber | |
| tribunal da relação | court of appeal | Regional appellate (Lisbon, Porto, Coimbra, Évora, Guimarães) |
| Supremo Tribunal de Justiça (STJ) | Supreme Court of Justice | Top ordinary court |
| tribunais administrativos e fiscais | administrative and tax courts | Separate jurisdictional branch |
| tribunal administrativo de círculo (TAC) | administrative circuit court | First instance (administrative) |
| tribunal tributário | tax court | First instance (tax) |
| tribunal central administrativo (TCA) | Central Administrative Court | Appellate (North, South) |
| Supremo Tribunal Administrativo (STA) | Supreme Administrative Court | Top administrative/tax court |
| Tribunal Constitucional (TC) | Constitutional Court | |
| Tribunal de Contas | Court of Auditors | |
| julgados de paz | Justices of the Peace | Small claims ≤ €15,000; also mediation |
| juiz | judge | |
| desembargador | appellate judge (court of appeal) | |
| conselheiro | Supreme Court/Constitutional Court judge | |
| Ministério Público (MP) | Public Prosecution Service | |
| procurador / procurador-adjunto / procurador-geral | prosecutor / deputy prosecutor / Prosecutor General | |
| advogado | attorney | |
| solicitador | solicitor (PT) / solicitador | Limited-scope legal professional |
| oficial de justiça | court officer | |

## Civil Procedure (Código de Processo Civil — CPC 2013)

| Portuguese | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| processo civil / ação judicial | civil action / civil procedure | |
| Código de Processo Civil (CPC) | Code of Civil Procedure | Lei 41/2013 |
| ação declarativa | declaratory action | |
| ação condenatória | action for performance / condemnatory action | |
| ação constitutiva | constitutive action | |
| processo comum | common proceedings | |
| processo especial | special proceedings | |
| petição inicial | statement of claim / initial petition | |
| contestação | answer / defence | |
| reconvenção | counterclaim | |
| réplica | reply | |
| articulados | pleadings | |
| autor / demandante | claimant / plaintiff | |
| réu / demandado | defendant | |
| litisconsórcio | joinder of parties | |
| intervenção principal / acessória | principal / accessory intervention | |
| intervenção de terceiros | third-party intervention | |
| chamamento à demanda | third-party notice / impleader | |
| audiência prévia | preliminary hearing | Case management |
| despacho saneador | saneador order | Clears procedural issues, identifies issues for trial |
| gestão processual | case management | |
| audiência de julgamento | trial hearing | |
| ónus da prova | burden of proof | |
| princípio do dispositivo | party disposition principle | |
| princípio do inquisitório | inquisitorial principle | Judge's fact-gathering power |
| depoimento de parte | party deposition | |
| prova testemunhal | witness evidence | |
| prova documental | documentary evidence | |
| prova pericial | expert evidence | |
| inspeção judicial | judicial inspection | |
| despacho | order / ruling | |
| acórdão | judgment (of collective bench) | Courts of appeal, STJ, STA, TC |
| caso julgado | res judicata | |
| trânsito em julgado | becoming res judicata / becoming final | |
| sentença à revelia | default judgment | |
| revelia operante / inoperante | operative / non-operative default | |

## Provisional Measures and Enforcement

| Portuguese | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| procedimento cautelar comum | common interim measures procedure | |
| arresto | attachment | Secures creditor claim |
| arrolamento | inventory (preservation) | |
| embargo de obra nova | injunction against new works | Real property |
| restituição provisória de posse | provisional restitution of possession | |
| inversão do contencioso | contentieux inversion | Where interim order may consolidate |
| ação executiva | enforcement action / executive action | |
| título executivo | enforceable title | Including court judgments, notarial deeds, authenticated agreements |
| agente de execução | enforcement agent | Private professional (formerly solicitador de execução) |
| penhora | attachment (in execution) | |
| embargos de executado | executed party's objections | |
| insolvência | insolvency | |
| Código da Insolvência e da Recuperação de Empresas (CIRE) | Insolvency and Corporate Recovery Code | |
| PER (processo especial de revitalização) | special revitalisation proceedings | Pre-insolvency rescue |
| PEAP (processo especial para acordo de pagamento) | special payment-agreement proceedings | For natural persons |

## Appeal and Extraordinary Remedies

| Portuguese | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| recurso ordinário / recurso de apelação | ordinary appeal / appeal | To Tribunal da Relação |
| dupla conforme | dupla conforme (double concurrence) | Bar to revista when both instances agreed |
| recurso extraordinário | extraordinary appeal | |
| recurso para uniformização de jurisprudência | appeal for uniformisation of case law | STJ mechanism |
| revisão de sentença | revision of judgment | Retrial ground |
| oposição de terceiro | third-party opposition | |
| reclamação | complaint | Against court decisions on procedural points |
| recurso para o Tribunal Constitucional | appeal to Constitutional Court | Limited to constitutional issues |
| fiscalização concreta / fiscalização abstrata da constitucionalidade | concrete / abstract constitutional review | |

## Administrative Procedure (CPA / CPTA)

| Portuguese | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Código do Procedimento Administrativo (CPA) | Administrative Procedure Code | DL 4/2015 |
| procedimento administrativo | administrative procedure | |
| ato administrativo | administrative act | |
| ato tácito / indeferimento tácito | tacit act / tacit rejection | Silence as decision |
| regulamento administrativo | administrative regulation | |
| contrato administrativo | administrative contract | |
| interessado | interested party | |
| direito de audiência prévia | right to prior hearing | |
| princípios do procedimento administrativo | administrative procedure principles | Legality, proporcionalidade, imparcialidade, etc. |
| reclamação administrativa | administrative complaint | |
| recurso hierárquico | hierarchical (administrative) appeal | |
| recurso tutelar | supervisory appeal | |
| revogação / anulação administrativa | revocation / annulment | |
| Código de Processo nos Tribunais Administrativos (CPTA) | Administrative Courts Procedure Code | |
| ação administrativa | administrative action | Post-2015 reform: unified action type |
| impugnação de ato administrativo | challenge to administrative act | |
| impugnação de norma | challenge to administrative regulation | |
| condenação à prática de ato devido | action to compel the issuance of a due act | Equivalent of mandamus |
| ação de responsabilidade civil extracontratual do Estado | action for State tort liability | Lei 67/2007 |
| contencioso pré-contratual | pre-contractual contentious proceedings | Public procurement challenges |
| providências cautelares administrativas | administrative interim measures | |
| intimação para prestação de informações, consulta de documentos ou passagem de certidões | order to provide information / documents | |

## Criminal Procedure (Código de Processo Penal — CPP)

| Portuguese | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| processo penal | criminal procedure | |
| Código de Processo Penal (CPP) | Code of Criminal Procedure | |
| inquérito | investigation | Led by Ministério Público |
| instrução | judicial inquiry (pre-trial) | Optional phase before juiz de instrução |
| arguido | accused / defendant | From constitution as arguido onward |
| suspeito | suspect | Pre-constitution |
| assistente | private assistant | Victim/injured party joining prosecution |
| parte civil / pedido de indemnização civil | civil claim in criminal proceedings | |
| defensor | defence counsel | |
| medidas de coação | coercive measures | Including TIR, caution, bail, house arrest, prison |
| TIR (termo de identidade e residência) | statement of identity and residence | Mildest coercive measure |
| prisão preventiva | preventive detention | |
| obrigação de permanência na habitação | obligation to remain at home / house arrest | |
| caução | bail / security | |
| despacho de acusação | indictment | |
| despacho de pronúncia / não pronúncia | pronouncement / non-pronouncement order | End of instrução |
| arquivamento | shelving / discontinuation | |
| suspensão provisória do processo | provisional suspension of proceedings | Diversion, CPP Art. 281 |
| processo sumário / sumaríssimo / abreviado | summary / super-summary / abbreviated proceedings | |
| julgamento | trial | |
| tribunal de júri | jury trial | Limited — parties may request in certain serious offences |
| sentença condenatória | judgment of conviction | |
| sentença absolutória | judgment of acquittal | |
| pena | penalty / sentence | |
| pena de prisão | prison sentence | |
| pena suspensa | suspended sentence | |
| pena de multa | fine | |
| prestação de trabalho a favor da comunidade | community service | |
| medidas de segurança | safety measures | |
| crime público / semipúblico / particular | public / semi-public / private crime | Determines prosecution regime |
| queixa | complaint | Required for semi-public crimes |
| acusação particular | private accusation | For private crimes |
| acordo sobre a sentença | plea agreement on sentence | Jurisprudentially recognised; not full-plea-bargaining |

## Constitutional Review

| Portuguese | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Tribunal Constitucional | Constitutional Court | |
| fiscalização preventiva | preventive review | Ex ante, by request of President/PM/others |
| fiscalização sucessiva concreta | concrete ex post review | Through appeal from other courts |
| fiscalização sucessiva abstrata | abstract ex post review | |
| inconstitucionalidade | unconstitutionality | |
| ilegalidade reforçada | reinforced illegality | Violation of statute with reinforced value |
| recurso de constitucionalidade | constitutional appeal | |

## Settlement (Transação / Acordo)

| Portuguese | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| transação | settlement / compromise | Civil Code Arts. 1248–1250 |
| transação judicial | judicial settlement / court-approved settlement | Has force of judgment |
| transação extrajudicial | extrajudicial / out-of-court settlement | |
| acordo / acordo transacional | settlement agreement | |
| concessões recíprocas | mutual concessions | Essential element of transação |
| compromisso arbitral | submission agreement | Post-dispute arbitration agreement |
| renúncia / desistência | waiver / withdrawal | |
| desistência da instância / do pedido | withdrawal of proceedings / of claim | Distinct procedural effects |
| quitação total e definitiva | full and final settlement / full discharge | |
| pagamento compensatório | equalisation payment | |
| cláusula de não-concorrência | non-compete clause | |
| confidencialidade | confidentiality | |
| cláusula penal | penalty clause / liquidated damages | Civil Code Arts. 810–812 |
| indemnização | indemnity / damages | |
| danos patrimoniais / não patrimoniais | pecuniary / non-pecuniary damages | |

## Alternative Dispute Resolution

| Portuguese | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| meios alternativos de resolução de litígios (MARL) | alternative dispute resolution | |
| mediação | mediation | |
| Lei da Mediação (Lei 29/2013) | Mediation Act | |
| mediador | mediator | |
| mediação pré-judicial / judicial | pre-judicial / judicial mediation | |
| sistema de mediação familiar | family mediation system | |
| sistema de mediação laboral | labour mediation system | |
| sistema de mediação penal | criminal mediation system | |
| centros de arbitragem de consumo | consumer arbitration centres | |
| conciliação | conciliation | |

## Arbitration (LAV — Lei 63/2011)

| Portuguese | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| arbitragem | arbitration | |
| Lei da Arbitragem Voluntária (LAV) | Voluntary Arbitration Act | Lei 63/2011, UNCITRAL Model Law-based |
| convenção de arbitragem | arbitration agreement | Umbrella term |
| cláusula compromissória | arbitration clause | Pre-dispute |
| tribunal arbitral | arbitral tribunal | |
| árbitro | arbitrator | |
| árbitro único | sole arbitrator | |
| presidente do tribunal arbitral | presiding arbitrator | |
| nomeação de árbitros | appointment of arbitrators | |
| destituição / recusa de árbitros | removal / challenge of arbitrators | |
| sentença arbitral | arbitral award | |
| sentença final | final award | |
| sentença parcial | partial award | |
| providências cautelares arbitrais | arbitral interim measures | Expressly provided for in LAV |
| sede da arbitragem | seat of arbitration | |
| lei aplicável ao mérito | law applicable to the merits | |
| ação de anulação | action to set aside | Limited grounds, LAV Art. 46 |
| reconhecimento e execução | recognition and enforcement | |
| arbitragem ad hoc / institucional | ad hoc / institutional arbitration | |
| CAC (Centro de Arbitragem Comercial) | Commercial Arbitration Centre | At Lisbon CCI (ACL) — leading institution |
| Concórdia — Centro de Conciliação, Mediação e Arbitragem | Concórdia Centre | |
| arbitragem tributária | tax arbitration | Unique PT system — CAAD |
| CAAD (Centro de Arbitragem Administrativa) | Administrative Arbitration Centre | |
| arbitragem necessária | mandatory arbitration | Specific cases (e.g., certain IP/medicines) |
| Convenção de Nova Iorque | New York Convention | 1958 |
| ICSID / arbitragem de investimento | ICSID / investment arbitration | |

## Limitation and Timing

| Portuguese | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| prescrição | prescription / limitation | Civil Code Arts. 300+ |
| prazo ordinário de prescrição | ordinary limitation period | 20 years (Art. 309 CC) |
| prescrições presuntivas | presumptive prescriptions | Short periods (6m–2yr) |
| caducidade | lapse / forfeiture period | Art. 328+ CC; generally non-tollable |
| suspensão da prescrição | suspension of prescription | |
| interrupção da prescrição | interruption of prescription | |
| renúncia à prescrição | waiver of prescription | Only after period elapses |
| prazo peremptório / dilatório | peremptory / dilatory time limit | |

## Formal and Boilerplate

| Portuguese | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| foro competente | competent jurisdiction | |
| foro exclusivo | exclusive jurisdiction | |
| lei aplicável | governing law | |
| línguas oficiais / da arbitragem | official languages / of arbitration | |
| cláusula de integralidade | entire agreement clause | |
| cláusula de salvaguarda / divisibilidade | severability clause | |
| não renúncia | non-waiver | |
| cessão de posição contratual | assignment of contractual position | |
| força maior | force majeure | |
| caso fortuito | fortuitous event | |

## Notes for Translators

- **Court system**: Portugal has two separate judicial orders — ordinary courts (tribunais judiciais) for civil and criminal, and administrative and tax courts (tribunais administrativos e fiscais) as a separate branch. At the top: STJ for ordinary; STA for administrative; Tribunal Constitucional for constitutional review. Always translate "STJ" as "Supreme Court of Justice", "STA" as "Supreme Administrative Court" — preserving Portuguese acronym on first use.
- **CPC 2013 (Lei 41/2013)**: Portugal's current Civil Procedure Code replaced the 1961 CPC. Introduced principle of case management (gestão processual), preliminary hearing (audiência prévia), and more active judicial role. "Articulados" (pleadings) now more limited. Flag when translating pre-2013 documents referring to superseded provisions.
- **Acórdão vs sentença**: "Sentença" is a decision by a single judge; "acórdão" is a decision by a collective bench (courts of appeal, STJ, STA, TC). Both translate as "judgment" but flag the authority level; citations use 'Ac.' for acórdão.
- **Revista (recurso de revista)**: Special appeal to STJ, limited to points of law. Barred by "dupla conforme" when first and second instances agreed and decision is not unanimous or involves no exceptional legal significance. Translate "revista" as "revista appeal" or "appeal to the Supreme Court on points of law"; flag dupla conforme restriction.
- **Despacho saneador**: Post-pleadings order cleaning up procedural issues and delineating fact/legal questions for trial. No direct common-law equivalent. Translate as "saneador order" with gloss.
- **Agente de execução**: Private professional (previously solicitador de execução) who conducts enforcement proceedings on behalf of creditors. Unusual privatised model. Translate as "enforcement agent" and flag.
- **PER / PEAP / CIRE**: PT insolvency regime — CIRE is the Insolvency and Corporate Recovery Code; PER is pre-insolvency rescue (2012 reform); PEAP is equivalent for natural persons. Preserve acronyms with English gloss on first use.
- **CPTA 2002 (revised 2015)**: Administrative Courts Procedure Code. The 2015 reform consolidated multiple action types into a unified "ação administrativa". Older documents will refer to "recurso contencioso de anulação" (now subsumed into impugnação de ato). Flag based on date.
- **CPA 2015 (DL 4/2015)**: Administrative Procedure Code replaced the 1991 CPA. Implements EU notions of due administrative process. Reference full statutory name and date.
- **Deferimento tácito / indeferimento tácito**: Portuguese administrative law attaches legal effects to administrative silence — either tacit approval or tacit rejection depending on statute. Not easily translatable; explain as "tacit approval/rejection" and flag.
- **Ministério Público (MP)**: Public Prosecution Service — constitutionally autonomous magistracy. Not part of the executive. Translate as "Public Prosecution Service"; "magistrado do MP" as "prosecutorial magistrate" to capture the magistracy status.
- **CPP arguido**: Special procedural status — person formally constituted as accused acquires specific rights (silence, counsel, etc.). Becoming arguido is a procedural act. Translate as "accused" or preserve "arguido" in quotes with gloss.
- **Crime público/semipúblico/particular**: Determines whether prosecution requires queixa (complaint by injured party) or acusação particular (private accusation). Public crimes prosecuted ex officio. Semi-public require complaint; private require both complaint and private accusation. Fundamental categorisation — always flag.
- **Assistente**: Unique Portuguese institution — victim or qualified person formally joins criminal proceedings with rights parallel to prosecutor. Translate as "private assistant" or "assistente" with gloss.
- **Instrução**: Optional judicial pre-trial phase before juiz de instrução criminal to confirm/reject indictment. No direct common-law equivalent. Translate as "judicial inquiry" or "instrução phase" with explanation.
- **Transação (Civil Code Arts. 1248–1250)**: Substantive-law settlement requiring (i) existing dispute or uncertainty, (ii) mutual concessions, (iii) termination or prevention of dispute. Without reciprocal concessions, there is no transação; only mera renúncia (pure waiver). Flag in translation — Portuguese case law strict on this.
- **Transação judicial vs extrajudicial**: Judicial transação is homologated by the court (sentença homologatória) and acquires force of res judicata and executory title. Extrajudicial transação has only contractual force unless notarised. Critical distinction for enforceability.
- **Cláusula compromissória vs compromisso arbitral**: Both are arbitration agreements but: cláusula compromissória is pre-dispute (in original contract); compromisso arbitral is post-dispute agreement to submit existing dispute. LAV treats them equivalently (Art. 1) but PT drafting preserves distinction.
- **LAV 2011 (Lei 63/2011)**: Replaced the 1986 LAV. UNCITRAL Model Law-based. Covers both domestic and international arbitration. Key features: pro-arbitration, limited judicial intervention, tribunal-ordered interim measures enforceable by courts. Reference as "LAV" or "Portuguese Voluntary Arbitration Act"; preserve acronym on first use.
- **CAC (Centro de Arbitragem Comercial)**: Attached to the Associação Comercial de Lisboa (Lisbon Commercial Association). Leading PT arbitral institution with its own Rules (current version 2014, updated periodically). Translate as "Commercial Arbitration Centre" with acronym.
- **CAAD — tax arbitration**: Unique Portuguese system — since 2011, tax disputes below certain thresholds can be submitted to arbitration at CAAD (Centro de Arbitragem Administrativa). Decisions binding and appealable only on limited grounds. No equivalent in most jurisdictions. Always flag with explanation.
- **Arbitragem necessária**: Statutorily mandatory arbitration in specific fields (e.g., certain pharmaceutical IP disputes under Lei 62/2011). Translate as "mandatory arbitration" and flag — distinguish from voluntary arbitration.
- **Julgados de paz**: Small claims courts (≤ €15,000) that incorporate mediation as a standard pre-trial step. Not judicial courts in the classic sense — separate framework (Lei 78/2001). Translate as "Justices of the Peace"; preserve Portuguese name with gloss.
- **Prescrição vs caducidade**: Both involve time-bars but: prescrição extinguishes the right to enforce a claim (subject to suspension/interruption); caducidade extinguishes the right itself (generally not tollable). Different consequences. Translate prescrição as "prescription" (and add "limitation" gloss); caducidade as "lapse" or "forfeiture". Always distinguish.
- **State tort liability**: Lei 67/2007 — Regime da Responsabilidade Civil Extracontratual do Estado. Dedicated statute for State liability, distinct from general tort rules. Flag.
- **Lei 29/2013 (Mediation Act)**: Created general framework for mediation in Portugal, including private certified mediators, confidentiality duties, suspensive effect on limitation. Translate as "Mediation Act" with statutory reference.
- **"Indemnização" vs "compensação"**: In Portuguese legal drafting, "indemnização" generally covers damages for breach/tort, while "compensação" can mean either (i) set-off or (ii) compensatory payment. Disambiguate per context.
- **Pagamento compensatório / equalisation payment**: Common in joint-owner settlements (share swaps, real estate division). Translate as "equalisation payment".
- **Brazilian Portuguese variants**: Brazilian Portuguese legal terminology differs — "transação" same, but procedural terms differ significantly (e.g., "Ministério Público" same; BR uses "autor/réu" similarly; but BR: "recurso especial" to STJ, "recurso extraordinário" to STF (Supremo Tribunal Federal); CPC 2015 reform in Brazil; BR "arbitragem" governed by Lei 9.307/1996). Always confirm whether document is European or Brazilian Portuguese; flag translator's note.
- **Notarial deeds (escritura pública)**: Can serve as enforceable title (título executivo). Authenticated private documents (documento particular autenticado) since 2009 reforms also may be executory. Flag when translating settlement deeds for enforceability implications.
- **Fiscalização da constitucionalidade**: Three types — preventiva (before promulgation), sucessiva concreta (through court appeals), sucessiva abstrata (abstract ex post). Unique Portuguese model. Translate with precision.
- **Recurso hierárquico**: Administrative appeal to hierarchically superior authority. Prerequisite in some situations for court challenge — "impugnação hierárquica necessária". Flag when implicated in admin disputes.
- **Mediation suspensive of limitation**: Under Lei 29/2013 Art. 13, opening mediation suspends limitation. Important drafting point in settlement/mediation clauses. Flag.
- **Dupla conforme revista restriction**: When court of appeal confirmed trial court's decision without fundamental divergence and decision not involving exceptional legal importance, no revista to STJ. Defined in CPC Art. 671(3). Translate carefully; flag for appealability analysis.

## Additional Portuguese Procedural Mappings

| Portuguese | English |
|---|---|
| Código de Processo Civil (CPC) — 2013 | Code of Civil Procedure |
| tréplica | rejoinder |
| autor | claimant / plaintiff |
| réu | defendant |
| sentença | judgment (first instance) |
| decisão singular | single-judge decision |
| tribunal de primeira instância | first-instance court |
| tribunais arbitrais necessários | mandatory arbitration tribunals (for certain disputes) |
| tribunais administrativos e fiscais (TAF) | administrative and tax courts |
| recurso | appeal |
| recurso de apelação | appeal on merits (ordinary appeal) |
| recurso de revista | appeal to Supreme Court (on points of law) |
| recurso per saltum | leapfrog appeal (direct appeal to Supreme Court) |
| recurso de revisão | revision appeal (extraordinary remedy) |
| embargos de terceiro | third-party opposition |
| providências cautelares | interim measures / provisional measures |
| restituição provisória da posse | provisional restitution of possession |
| execução | enforcement / execution |
| venda executiva | judicial sale |
| adjudicação | adjudication |
| Lei da Arbitragem Voluntária (LAV) — Lei 63/2011 | Voluntary Arbitration Act |
| anulação de sentença arbitral | setting aside of arbitral award |
| Sistema de Mediação de Conflitos Comerciais (SMCC) | Commercial Dispute Mediation System |
| confissão | admission / confession |
| desistência | withdrawal / discontinuance |
| desistência da instância | withdrawal of proceedings |
| desistência do pedido | waiver of claim |
