# Chinese (Mandarin) — EPC / Energy / Infrastructure Sub-Lexicon

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Chinese (Mandarin) EPC and construction
legal terms to their correct English equivalents.

## Core EPC/Construction Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 建设工程合同 | construction contract / works contract |
| EPC合同 / 工程总承包合同 | EPC contract / turnkey contract |
| 分包合同 | subcontract |
| 承包人 / 总承包商 | contractor |
| 发包人 / 业主 | employer / owner |
| 分包人 / 分包商 | subcontractor |
| 设计单位 / 设计方 | designer / engineer |
| 监理 / 工程监理 | site supervision / construction supervision |
| 项目经理 | project manager |
| 安全员 / 安全工程师 | safety officer / safety coordinator |
| 工程 / 建设工程 | works / construction works |
| 施工现场 / 工地 | site / construction site |
| 施工图设计 | detailed design / construction drawings |
| 初步设计 | preliminary design |
| 发包人要求 / 技术规范 | employer's requirements / specification |
| 施工进度计划 | programme (UK) / program (US) of works |
| 工期 | construction period / time for completion |
| 质量计划 | quality plan |
| 开工令 / 开工通知 | notice to proceed / commencement order |
| 竣工 / 工程完工 | completion of the works |
| 竣工验收 | completion acceptance / final acceptance |
| 中间验收 / 初步验收 | provisional acceptance |
| 竣工验收证书 | completion acceptance certificate |

## Payment and Price Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 总价合同 / 固定总价 | lump-sum price / fixed price |
| 单价合同 | unit price contract |
| 工程量清单 | bill of quantities / schedule of rates |
| 工程量计量 | measurement of works |
| 计量证书 | measurement certificate |
| 进度款 / 工程进度付款 | interim payment / progress payment |
| 质保金 / 保留金 | retention |
| 预付款 | advance payment |
| 预付款保函 | advance payment guarantee |
| 履约保函 / 履约保证金 | performance bond / performance guarantee |
| 变更 / 工程变更 | variation / change order |
| 增加工程 | additional works |
| 减少工程 | omission / reduced works |
| 费用索赔 | claim for additional costs |
| 价格调整 / 调价 | price adjustment / price escalation |
| 付款证书 | payment certificate |

## Completion and Defects Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 实质性完工 | substantial completion |
| 缺陷清单 / 尾工清单 | punch list / snagging list |
| 缺陷 / 瑕疵 | defect |
| 隐蔽缺陷 | latent defect |
| 明显缺陷 | patent defect |
| 缺陷责任期 / 质保期 | defects liability period / warranty period |
| 缺陷修复义务 | obligation to remedy defects |
| 测试 / 试验 | tests / testing |
| 调试 / 试运行 | commissioning tests |
| 性能试验 | performance test |
| 工期延误违约金 | delay damages / liquidated damages for delay |
| 性能违约金 | performance damages / liquidated damages for performance |
| 违约金上限 | cap on liquidated damages |
| 延期赔偿 | delay damages |
| 工期延长 | extension of time |
| 不可抗力事件 (建设) | force majeure event |
| 暂停施工 | suspension of works |
| 业主便利终止 | termination for convenience |
| 违约终止 | termination for default |

## Insurance and Risk Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 建筑工程一切险 (CAR) | contractor's all risks insurance (CAR) |
| 责任保险 | liability insurance |
| 安装工程一切险 | erection all risks insurance (EAR) |
| 风险转移 | transfer of risk |
| 所有权转移 | transfer of ownership |
| 承包人留置权 | contractor's lien |

## Section Headings

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 定义 | DEFINITIONS |
| 工程范围 | SUBJECT MATTER / SCOPE OF WORKS |
| 承包人义务 | CONTRACTOR'S OBLIGATIONS |
| 发包人义务 | EMPLOYER'S OBLIGATIONS |
| 合同价格与支付 | PRICE AND PAYMENT |
| 验收与质保 | ACCEPTANCE AND WARRANTY |
| 保险与保函 | INSURANCE AND BONDS |
| 变更 | VARIATIONS |
| 终止 | TERMINATION |
| 争议解决 | DISPUTE RESOLUTION |
| 特许经营范围 | SCOPE OF THE CONCESSION |
| 期限 | TERM |
| 电价与付费机制 | TARIFFS AND REMUNERATION |
| 并网 | GRID CONNECTION |
| 交付条件 | DELIVERY CONDITIONS |
| 运营方义务 | OPERATOR'S OBLIGATIONS |
| 不可抗力 | FORCE MAJEURE |
| 一般条款 | MISCELLANEOUS |

## Notes

- **PRC Civil Code — Construction Contracts**: Book III, Part II, Chapter 18 of the PRC
  Civil Code governs construction contracts (建设工程合同). Key provisions address
  contractor qualifications, mandatory bidding, and payment of worker wages.
- **"竣工验收" (completion acceptance)**: Under PRC law, the employer must organize
  acceptance within a reasonable time after the contractor gives completion notice. If the
  employer fails to do so, the deemed completion date applies (Art. 799 Civil Code).
- **"质保金" (retention)**: Standard retention is typically 3-5% of the contract price,
  held during the defects liability period. Under the 2017 State Council guidance, the
  maximum retention is capped at 3%.
- **FIDIC in China**: FIDIC contracts are widely used for international and large-scale
  PRC projects, particularly those funded by international financial institutions. PRC
  courts may override FIDIC terms with mandatory PRC law provisions.
- **Mandatory bidding**: Certain construction projects must be procured through competitive
  bidding under the PRC Bidding Law (招标投标法). Non-compliance may render the contract void.
- **"监理" (supervision)**: PRC law requires independent site supervision (工程监理) for
  certain categories of projects. The supervisor is an independent third party, distinct
  from the FIDIC "Engineer". Translate as "site supervisor" or "supervising engineer".

- **PRC Renewable Energy Law (可再生能源法)**: The foundational legislation for renewable
  energy in China, first enacted in 2005 and revised in 2009. Provides the framework for
  feed-in tariffs, grid connection obligations, and renewable energy targets. Reference as
  "Renewable Energy Law" on first mention.
- **NEA (国家能源局)**: The National Energy Administration — the primary energy regulator
  under the NDRC. Reference as "National Energy Administration (NEA)" on first mention.
- **"双碳目标" (Dual Carbon Goals)**: China's commitment to peak carbon emissions by 2030
  and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. A key policy driver for energy sector translation.
  Translate as "dual carbon goals" or "carbon peak and carbon neutrality targets".
- **Grid companies**: China's electricity grid is operated by two state-owned entities —
  State Grid Corporation (covering most of China) and China Southern Power Grid (covering
  five southern provinces). Both are counterparties to PPAs and grid connection agreements.
- **"竞价上网" / "平价上网"**: The transition from fixed feed-in tariffs to competitive
  bidding (竞价上网) and grid parity (平价上网) — where renewables compete without subsidies.
  Flag the applicable regime when translating PPA pricing provisions.
- **PPP regulations**: PRC PPP is primarily governed by NDRC and Ministry of Finance
  guidelines rather than a single statute. The regulatory framework has undergone
  significant tightening since 2023. Flag the applicable regulatory regime.

## Core Energy Document Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 购电协议 / PPA | power purchase agreement (PPA) |
| 并网协议 / 电网接入协议 | grid connection agreement |
| 购售电合同 | offtake agreement |
| 特许经营协议 / 特许权协议 | concession agreement |
| 运营许可证 / 经营许可 | operating licence (UK) / operating permit (US) |
| 上网电价 / 标杆电价 | feed-in tariff (FIT) |
| 市场化电价 / 竞价上网 | market premium / market-based tariff |
| 竞争性招标 / 竞价 | competitive tender / auction |
| 绿色电力证书 / 绿证 | green certificate / renewable energy certificate |
| 装机容量 / 额定容量 | installed capacity / rated capacity |
| 净发电量 | net output / net generation |
| 容量因子 / 利用小时数 | capacity factor |
| 交付点 | delivery point |
| 并网点 / 接入点 | point of connection / grid connection point |
| 电表 / 计量装置 | meter / metering equipment |
| 输电网 | transmission grid / transmission network |
| 配电网 | distribution grid / distribution network |
| 国家电网 | State Grid Corporation |
| 南方电网 | China Southern Power Grid |
| 国家能源局 (NEA) | National Energy Administration (NEA) |
| 国家发展和改革委员会 (发改委/NDRC) | National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) |
| 输配电价 | transmission and distribution tariff |
| 电力市场化交易 | power market trading |

## Renewable Energy Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 风电 / 风能 | wind energy |
| 太阳能 / 光伏 (PV) | solar energy / photovoltaic (PV) energy |
| 风电场 / 风力发电场 | wind farm |
| 海上风电 | offshore wind farm |
| 光伏电站 / 太阳能电站 | solar farm / PV plant |
| 分布式光伏 | distributed solar / rooftop PV |
| 生物质能 | biomass |
| 沼气 | biogas |
| 地热能 | geothermal energy |
| 水电 / 水力发电 | hydroelectric power / hydropower |
| 储能 / 电池储能 | energy storage / battery storage |
| 可再生能源法 | Renewable Energy Law |
| 环境影响评价 (环评) | environmental impact assessment (EIA) |
| 建设许可 / 施工许可 | building permit / construction permit |
| 碳排放权交易 | carbon emissions trading |
| 碳达峰 | peak carbon emissions |
| 碳中和 | carbon neutrality |
| 新能源 | new energy |

## Concession and PPP Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 特许经营 | concession |
| 政府和社会资本合作 (PPP) | public-private partnership (PPP) |
| 政府授权 / 实施机构 | granting authority / implementing agency |
| 特许经营者 / 社会资本方 | concessionaire / private partner |
| 特许经营费 | concession fee |
| 特许经营期 | concession period |
| 资产移交 / 项目移交 | handback of assets / project handover |
| BOT (建设-运营-移交) | build-operate-transfer (BOT) |
| BOO (建设-拥有-运营) | build-own-operate (BOO) |
| BOOT (建设-拥有-运营-移交) | build-own-operate-transfer (BOOT) |
| 政府付费 / 可行性缺口补助 | government payment / viability gap funding |
| 使用者付费 | user charge / user fee |
