# Dutch — Transport and Insurance Sub-Lexicon

Combines Dutch-language transport and insurance vocabulary. Part 1 covers maritime, road, rail, air and multimodal transport: carriage contracts, bills of lading, charterparties, freight forwarding, carrier liability. Part 2 covers insurance contracts, life and non-life lines, reinsurance, brokers, claims handling and regulatory framework. Marine/transport insurance (cargo, hull, P&I, carrier liability) sits at the intersection.

---

## Part 1 — Transport and Shipping

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Dutch maritime, inland waterway,
road, rail, and air transport terms to their correct English equivalents. Dutch
transport law is governed by Book 8 of the Civil Code (BW 8) — the most
comprehensive transport codification in Europe — plus international conventions
(CMR, COTIF, Hague-Visby, Rotterdam Rules, Warsaw, Montreal).

## General Transport Concepts

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| vervoer | carriage / transport | |
| vervoerder | carrier | |
| afzender | shipper / consignor | |
| ontvanger / geadresseerde | consignee | |
| ladingbelanghebbende | cargo interest | |
| zending / lading | shipment / cargo | |
| goederen | goods | |
| vervoerovereenkomst | contract of carriage | |
| vracht / vrachtprijs | freight / freight rate | |
| vrachtbrief | consignment note / waybill | |
| aflevering | delivery | |
| oponthoud / vertraging | delay | |
| schade aan de goederen | damage to the goods | |
| verlies van de goederen | loss of the goods | |
| uiterlijke staat | external condition | |
| ongeschonden / in goede staat | undamaged / in good condition | |
| expediteur | freight forwarder | |
| FENEX-voorwaarden | FENEX Conditions | Dutch freight forwarder standard conditions |

## Maritime Transport

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| zeevervoer | sea carriage | |
| zeeschip | sea-going vessel | |
| reder | shipowner | |
| scheepseigenaar | owner of the vessel | |
| beheerder / ISM-manager | ship manager / ISM manager | |
| kapitein | master | |
| bemanning | crew | |
| scheepsbouwcontract | shipbuilding contract | BW 8 Book 3 and 5 |
| tewaterlating | launching | |
| oplevering / delivery | delivery | |
| scheepsregister / brandingsregister | ship register | |
| vlag / vlagstaat | flag / flag state | |
| reizenbevrachting (voyage charter) | voyage charter | |
| tijdbevrachting (time charter) | time charter | |
| bareboat-charter / rompbevrachting | bareboat charter / demise charter | |
| NYPE-time charter | NYPE time charter | Retained English terminology |
| charterpartij | charter party | |
| cognossement | bill of lading (B/L) | BW 8:399 — negotiable transport document |
| toonder / order / op naam | bearer / to order / in name | Types of cognossement |
| straight bill of lading / rechte cognossement | straight bill of lading | Non-negotiable, in name |
| switch bills | switch bills | |
| seawaybill / zeevrachtbrief | sea waybill | Non-negotiable |
| charterpartij-cognossement | charter-party bill of lading | |
| schone / onschone cognossement | clean / unclean bill of lading | |
| FOB / CIF / FAS | FOB / CIF / FAS | Incoterms — retain English |
| ligtijd / ligdagen | laytime / lay days | |
| overligtijd | demurrage | |
| despatch | despatch | Reverse of demurrage |
| averij-grosse | general average | BW 8:610 — York-Antwerp Rules |
| averij-particulier | particular average | |
| bijdrage in averij | general average contribution | |
| zeevaartverzekering | marine insurance | |
| P&I-club | P&I club | Protection and indemnity mutual |
| berging | salvage | BW 8:550 — International Salvage Convention 1989 |
| bergloon | salvage reward | |
| botsing / aanvaring | collision | BW 8:540 — Collision Convention 1910 |
| aansprakelijkheidsbeperking (LLMC) | limitation of liability (LLMC) | Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims 1976/1996 |
| beperkingsfonds | limitation fund | |
| scheepshypotheek | ship mortgage | |
| maritiem retentierecht | maritime lien | BW 8:211, 8:821 |
| zeerechtelijke vordering | maritime claim | |

## Inland Waterway Transport (Binnenvaart)

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| binnenvaart | inland navigation | |
| binnenschip | inland vessel | BW 8:784 |
| binnenvaartvervoer | inland waterway carriage | BW 8:890 et seq. |
| CMNI-verdrag | CMNI Convention | Budapest Convention — inland waterways |
| ADN / ADNR | ADN / ADNR | Dangerous goods on inland waterways |
| CEMT-certificering | CEMT certification | |
| Rijnvaart / Rijnvaartakte | Rhine navigation / Rhine Act | Mannheim Convention 1868 — CCNR regime |
| Centrale Commissie voor de Rijnvaart (CCR) | Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine | |

## Road Transport

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| wegvervoer | road carriage | |
| internationaal wegvervoer | international road carriage | |
| CMR-verdrag | CMR Convention | Convention on Contract for International Carriage of Goods by Road 1956 |
| CMR-vrachtbrief | CMR consignment note | |
| AVC 2002 | AVC 2002 (Algemene Vervoerscondities) | Dutch standard conditions for domestic road carriage |
| Logistieke Services voorwaarden | Logistics Services Conditions | |
| beperkte aansprakelijkheid (8,33 SDR/kg) | limited liability (8.33 SDR/kg) | Under CMR Art. 23 |
| opzet / bewuste roekeloosheid (CMR) | intent / wilful misconduct | CMR Art. 29 — breaks limitation |
| successieve vervoerders | successive carriers | CMR Art. 34 |
| vervoerder en ondervervoerder | carrier and sub-carrier | |
| cabotage | cabotage | |
| vervoersvergunning | transport licence | |
| NIWO-vergunning | NIWO permit | Dutch licensing body for international road transport |

## Rail Transport

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| spoorvervoer | rail carriage | |
| COTIF / CIM / CIV | COTIF / CIM / CIV | International rail conventions |
| CIM-vrachtbrief | CIM consignment note | |
| vervoerbewijs | ticket | |
| spoorwegonderneming | railway undertaking | |
| beheerder | infrastructure manager | |
| ProRail | ProRail | Dutch rail infrastructure manager |
| NS / Nederlandse Spoorwegen | Dutch Railways | |
| toegangsovereenkomst | access agreement | |
| capaciteitsverdeling | capacity allocation | |
| ACM-toezicht (vervoer) | ACM supervision (transport) | Authority for Consumers & Markets |

## Air Transport

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| luchtvervoer | air carriage | |
| Verdrag van Warschau | Warsaw Convention | 1929 |
| Verdrag van Montreal | Montreal Convention | 1999 |
| luchtvaartmaatschappij | airline / air carrier | |
| luchtvrachtbrief / AWB | air waybill | |
| Verordening (EG) nr. 261/2004 | Regulation (EC) 261/2004 | Passenger rights for denied boarding / cancellation / long delay |
| compensatie denied boarding | denied boarding compensation | |
| buitengewone omstandigheden | extraordinary circumstances | Exemption under 261/2004 |
| CJEU Sturgeon-jurisprudentie | CJEU Sturgeon case law | Long-delay = effective cancellation for compensation purposes |

## Liability, Limits and Conventions

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| aansprakelijkheid van de vervoerder | carrier's liability | |
| presumptieve aansprakelijkheid | presumed liability | Carrier liable unless proof of exonerating cause |
| exonerante oorzaken | excepted perils | E.g., Hague-Visby Art. IV.2 |
| Hague Rules / Hague-Visby Rules | Hague Rules / Hague-Visby Rules | |
| Rotterdam Rules / Rotterdamse Regels | Rotterdam Rules | Not yet widely ratified |
| Hamburg Rules | Hamburg Rules | |
| beperking van aansprakelijkheid | limitation of liability | |
| verval van beperking | loss of limitation | Intent / wilful misconduct |
| SDR (Special Drawing Rights) | SDR | IMF unit of account |
| kg-limitering / colli-limitering | per-kg / per-package limitation | |
| vervaltermijn | forfeiture period | CMR 1 year, Hague-Visby 1 year, Montreal 2 years |
| klachttermijn | complaint period | Visible damage: at delivery; hidden: 7 days |
| dispatch / despatch | despatch | |
| General Maritime Law / jus commune maritimum | General Maritime Law | |

## Dutch-Specific Institutions and Law

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Boek 8 BW | Book 8 of the Civil Code | Dutch transport codification |
| Rotterdamse rechtbank / Rechtbank Rotterdam | Rotterdam District Court | Primary Dutch maritime court |
| Transport Maritieme Organisatie | Transport & Maritime Organisation | |
| Stichting Vervoeradres | Transport Address Foundation | Issues AVC and other conditions |
| Inspectie Leefomgeving en Transport (ILT) | Human Environment and Transport Inspectorate | Supervisory authority |
| Kustwacht | Coast Guard | |
| nautische aansprakelijkheid | navigational liability | |
| verlichte aansprakelijkheid voor nautische fout | exoneration for nautical fault | Traditional Hague-Visby carve-out |
| ASV-voorwaarden | ASV conditions | Stevedore standard conditions |
| PD-voorwaarden | PD conditions | Physical damage cover |
| havengelden | port dues | |
| stuwadoor | stevedore | |
| ladingverzorger / expediteur | cargo agent / forwarder | |

## Rotterdam Port and Port Law

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| havenautoriteit | port authority | |
| Havenbedrijf Rotterdam | Port of Rotterdam Authority | |
| havenbeheersverordening | port management regulation | |
| havenmeester | harbour master | |
| aanmeerrechten / ligplaatsrechten | berth rights | |
| bunkerovereenkomst | bunker supply agreement | |
| doorvoer | transit | |
| containerterminal | container terminal | |
| ship-to-ship transfer / bunkering | ship-to-ship transfer / bunkering | |

## Sanctions and Compliance in Transport

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| sanctiewet 1977 | Sanctions Act 1977 | |
| EU-sanctieregelingen | EU sanctions regulations | |
| OFAC / Amerikaanse sancties | OFAC / US sanctions | |
| dual-use-verordening | Dual-Use Regulation | EU 2021/821 |
| know your customer (KYC) / CDD | know your customer / CDD | |
| flag-of-convenience / FOC | flag of convenience | |
| vlagwissel | flag change | |
| schaduwvloot / dark fleet | shadow fleet / dark fleet | Post-2022 Russia sanctions phenomenon |

## Notes for Translators

- **Boek 8 BW**: Dutch transport law is codified in Book 8 of the Civil Code — the most comprehensive transport codification in any jurisdiction. Covers maritime, inland waterway, road, rail, air, combined transport, salvage, collision, general average, limitation of liability, shipping company rules. Translate "Boek 8 BW" as "Book 8 of the Civil Code" or "BW Book 8".
- **Rechtbank Rotterdam**: Specialised Dutch maritime court — handles virtually all Dutch maritime litigation. Strong reputation internationally. Translate as "Rotterdam District Court". Mentions in disputes clause often invoke its jurisdiction.
- **Cognossement vs vrachtbrief vs zeevrachtbrief**: Three distinct transport documents. Cognossement = bill of lading (negotiable document of title, BW 8:399). Vrachtbrief = consignment note (non-negotiable, road/rail/inland). Zeevrachtbrief = sea waybill (non-negotiable sea transport). Never interchange. Translate "cognossement" always as "bill of lading" (or "B/L").
- **CMR**: Convention of 1956 on international road carriage, binding on Netherlands. Very commonly invoked. Core features: carrier liability up to 8.33 SDR/kg (Art. 23), broken by intent/wilful misconduct (Art. 29), 1-year limitation (Art. 32). Translate as "CMR" or "CMR Convention"; preserve acronym.
- **AVC 2002**: Algemene Vervoerscondities — Dutch standard conditions for domestic road carriage, issued by Stichting Vervoeradres. Distinct from CMR (which applies to international). Translate as "AVC 2002" / "General Transport Conditions 2002"; preserve abbreviation on first use.
- **FENEX-voorwaarden**: Dutch freight forwarder standard conditions — exclude carrier's liability in some cases, impose 9-month limitation, include Rotterdam jurisdiction clause. Widely used. Translate as "FENEX Conditions" and flag.
- **Hague-Visby vs Rotterdam Rules**: Netherlands is party to Hague-Visby (incorporated via BW 8:373+). Rotterdam Rules (2008) signed by Netherlands but not ratified by enough countries to enter into force. For current sea carriage contracts, reference Hague-Visby.
- **Averij-grosse / averij-particulier**: Maritime concept of general average (shared losses) vs particular average (own loss). Translated per the York-Antwerp Rules (the leading international framework). Always translate "averij-grosse" as "general average" — never "gross damage".
- **Rijnvaartakte (Mannheim Convention 1868)**: Unique regime for Rhine navigation, administered by CCNR (Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine). Grants free navigation rights, tax exemptions. Translate as "Mannheim Convention" or "Rhine Navigation Act"; flag for Rhine-specific documents.
- **Nautische fout / exoneration for nautical fault**: Hague-Visby's controversial carve-out — carrier not liable for loss/damage caused by errors in navigation or management of the ship by master/crew. Omitted from Hamburg Rules and Rotterdam Rules. Translate and flag — client may be relying on this.
- **Beperking van aansprakelijkheid / LLMC**: Maritime limitation of liability under 1976 LLMC Convention (amended 1996). Shipowner can limit total liability by establishing limitation fund. Key remedy. Translate as "limitation of liability" or "LLMC limitation"; preserve acronym on first use.
- **Stuwadoor / stevedore**: Port service provider handling loading/discharge. Typically operates under ASV (or equivalent) conditions with Himalaya-like extensions of carrier's defences. Translate as "stevedore".
- **Bunkerovereenkomst**: Marine fuel supply agreement, typically governed by seller's standard conditions (e.g., BIMCO). Flag English-language industry conventions in Dutch documents.
- **Verordening 261/2004**: EU regulation on air passenger rights — denied boarding, cancellation, long delay (from Sturgeon case law). Amounts EUR 250/400/600. Widely litigated in Netherlands. Translate as "Regulation (EC) 261/2004" and flag CJEU case law.
- **Schaduwvloot / dark fleet**: Post-2022 phenomenon — vessels evading Russia-related sanctions via flag-hopping, AIS disabling, ownership opacity. Flagged for compliance translation. Preserve "shadow fleet" or "dark fleet" in English.
- **FOB / CIF / Incoterms**: Incoterms 2020 (current version). Not legal transfers per se but allocate shipping/insurance/risk. Retain English abbreviations always — do not translate.
- **P&I clubs**: Mutual insurance associations for shipowners covering third-party liability (collision, personal injury, pollution). Major ones (Gard, Skuld, UK P&I, Britannia, West of England, North) often appear in Dutch shipping disputes. Translate as "P&I club"; preserve English.
- **Belgian shipping**: Belgian transport law largely parallels Dutch (Belgium also party to CMR, Hague-Visby, COTIF, Montreal). Antwerp is major maritime centre; disputes often before Antwerp Commercial Court. New Belgian Code of Maritime Law (2019) modernised the regime. Flag Belgian documents.
- **Vertraging onder CMR**: Delay is compensable under CMR Art. 23(5), but limited to freight (not full loss). Key nuance — never equate delay liability with damage liability in translation.
- **Klachttermijn vs vervaltermijn (carriage)**: Carriage conventions impose strict notice requirements. Visible damage: note on delivery. Hidden damage: 7 days (CMR), 3 days (Hague-Visby). Delay: 21 days. Failure creates presumption delivery was in good order. Critical for claims. Flag in every translation.
- **Vervoersvergunning / NIWO**: Dutch international road transport licence issued by NIWO. Flag if relevant to transport-operator documents.
- **DMR (Digital Maritime Records) / ECDIS / AIS**: Technical shipping terms generally retained in English in Dutch practice.
- **ILT (Inspectie Leefomgeving en Transport)**: Dutch transport inspectorate — supervises aviation, shipping, rail, road safety. Translate as "Human Environment and Transport Inspectorate" or "ILT" with gloss.
- **Stichting Vervoeradres**: Issues Dutch standard conditions (AVC, Logistieke Services, Physical Distribution). Translate as "Transport Address Foundation" or preserve Dutch name; flag as source of standard terms.

---

## Part 2 — Insurance and Reinsurance

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Dutch insurance, reinsurance, and
insurance regulatory terms to their correct English equivalents. Dutch insurance
contracts are governed by Book 7, Title 17 of the Civil Code (BW 7.17) — a modern,
comprehensive codification from 2006 — supplemented by the Financial Supervision Act
(Wft) for prudential/conduct regulation and implementing Solvency II.

## Core Insurance Contract Terminology

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| verzekeringsovereenkomst | insurance contract / insurance agreement | BW 7:925 — statutory definition |
| verzekering | insurance | |
| polis | policy | |
| polisvoorwaarden | policy conditions / policy wording | |
| verzekeringnemer | policyholder | The party contracting with the insurer |
| verzekerde | insured | The person whose interest / life is insured — may differ from policyholder |
| verzekeraar | insurer | |
| begunstigde | beneficiary | Particularly in life insurance |
| tussenpersoon / verzekeringsadviseur | intermediary / insurance adviser | Regulated under Wft |
| verzekeringsmakelaar | insurance broker | |
| gevolmachtigd agent / volmacht | authorised underwriting agent / coverholder | Regulated under Wft; NVGA is industry body |
| premie | premium | |
| premievervaldatum | premium due date | |
| polisblad | policy schedule / schedule of policy | |
| clausuleblad | schedule of endorsements | |
| dekking | cover / coverage | |
| verzekerd bedrag | sum insured | |
| uitkering | benefit / payment | |
| eigen risico | deductible / excess | |
| vrijstelling | deductible (French/Belgian usage) | |
| wachttijd | waiting period | |
| premierestitutie | premium refund | |

## Types of Insurance

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| schadeverzekering | non-life / indemnity insurance | BW 7:944 — covers loss; principle of indemnity applies |
| sommenverzekering | sum insurance / non-indemnity insurance | BW 7:964 — pays fixed sum irrespective of loss (life, accident) |
| levensverzekering | life insurance | BW 7:975 |
| natura-uitvaartverzekering | funeral insurance in kind | |
| arbeidsongeschiktheidsverzekering (AOV) | disability insurance / occupational disability insurance | |
| ziektekostenverzekering / zorgverzekering | health insurance | Zvw — statutory health insurance regime |
| basisverzekering | basic health insurance | Mandatory under Zvw |
| aanvullende verzekering | supplementary health insurance | Voluntary top-up |
| aansprakelijkheidsverzekering (AVP / AVB) | liability insurance (private / business) | |
| bedrijfsaansprakelijkheidsverzekering | public liability insurance / commercial general liability | |
| beroepsaansprakelijkheidsverzekering | professional liability insurance / professional indemnity | |
| bestuurdersaansprakelijkheidsverzekering (D&O) | directors' and officers' liability insurance | |
| rechtsbijstandverzekering | legal expenses / legal aid insurance | |
| opstalverzekering | buildings insurance | |
| inboedelverzekering | contents insurance | |
| brandverzekering | fire insurance | |
| autoverzekering / motorrijtuigenverzekering | motor insurance | WAM — Wet aansprakelijkheidsverzekering motorrijtuigen |
| WA-verzekering (wettelijke aansprakelijkheid) | third-party liability insurance | |
| cascoverzekering | hull/comprehensive (motor/marine) insurance | |
| transportverzekering | marine / cargo / transport insurance | |
| goederentransportverzekering | goods-in-transit insurance | |
| reisverzekering | travel insurance | |
| annuleringsverzekering | cancellation insurance | |
| cyberverzekering | cyber insurance | |
| uitvaartverzekering | funeral insurance | |
| pensioenverzekering | pension insurance | |
| ongevallenverzekering | accident insurance | |
| kredietverzekering | credit insurance | |
| borgtochtverzekering / garantieverzekering | surety / guarantee insurance | |

## Risk and Disclosure

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| mededelingsplicht | duty to disclose | BW 7:928 — pre-contractual duty; based on questions asked by insurer (question-based model) |
| verzwijging / verkeerde opgave | concealment / misrepresentation | BW 7:929–930 |
| opzet tot misleiding | intent to mislead | Allows insurer to void / refuse payment |
| verzwaring van risico | aggravation of risk | |
| risicowijziging | change in risk | |
| morele mededelingsplicht | moral disclosure duty | |
| verzekerbaar belang | insurable interest | BW 7:946 — required at inception and (for indemnity) at time of loss |
| acceptatie | underwriting / acceptance | |
| acceptatiebeleid | underwriting policy | |
| risicobeoordeling | risk assessment | |
| gezondheidsverklaring | health declaration | For life/disability underwriting |
| aanvraagformulier | application form / proposal form | |
| medische keuring | medical examination | |
| Wet op de medische keuringen (WMK) | Medical Examinations Act | Limits medical examinations for life/disability insurance |
| HIV-gedragscode | HIV code of conduct | |
| Verbond-moratorium op erfelijkheidsonderzoek | genetic testing moratorium | |

## Claims and Loss Adjustment

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| schademelding / claim | claim / notification of loss | |
| schadegebeurtenis | insured event / loss event | |
| schadeclaim | claim for loss | |
| claim | claim | |
| schade-expert / schade-experts | loss adjuster / claims adjuster | |
| schadebehandeling | claims handling | |
| schaderegeling | claims settlement | |
| schadepenningen | claim proceeds | |
| uitkering ter zake van schade | payment in respect of loss | |
| herstelling in natura | reinstatement in kind | |
| waardevergoeding | payment of value / cash settlement | |
| nieuwwaarde / dagwaarde | new-for-old value / actual cash value | |
| onderverzekering / oververzekering | underinsurance / overinsurance | BW 7:958 |
| subrogatie | subrogation | BW 7:962 |
| regres | recourse / recovery action | |
| fraude | fraud | |
| fraudebeleid | fraud policy | |
| fraude-meldplicht | duty to report fraud | To Centraal Informatie Systeem (CIS) |
| Centrum Bestrijding Verzekeringscriminaliteit (CBV) | Insurance Fraud Bureau | Part of Verbond van Verzekeraars |
| schaderapport | loss report | |
| expertiserapport | loss adjuster's report | |

## Policy Conditions and Exclusions

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| algemene voorwaarden | general conditions | |
| bijzondere voorwaarden | special conditions / particular conditions | |
| uitsluiting | exclusion | |
| beperking | limitation | |
| standaardclausule | standard clause | |
| molest / oorlogsrisico | warlike action / war risk | Standard exclusion in most policies |
| terrorisme-clausule | terrorism clause | NHT — Nederlandse Herverzekeringsmaatschappij voor Terrorismeschaden regime |
| atoomkernreacties / NBC | nuclear / biological / chemical | Standard exclusion |
| overmacht | force majeure | |
| eigen schuld | own fault | |
| roekeloosheid / merkelijke schuld | recklessness / material fault | BW 7:952 — insurer not liable for loss caused by intent or "merkelijke schuld" (material fault), but contract can deviate |
| opzet van verzekerde | intent of the insured | |
| grove schuld / bewuste roekeloosheid | gross negligence / conscious recklessness | |
| preventie-eisen | prevention requirements | |
| preventievoorschriften | loss-prevention requirements | Security clauses, etc. |
| schadebeperkingsplicht | duty to mitigate loss | BW 7:957 |
| bereddingskosten | salvage / mitigation costs | BW 7:957(2) — recoverable separately from sum insured |

## Duration, Termination and Renewal

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| ingangsdatum | inception date / commencement date | |
| einddatum | expiry date | |
| verzekeringsjaar | policy year | |
| looptijd | term / duration | |
| stilzwijgende verlenging | tacit renewal | Consumer policies: one-year renewals, daily cancellable after first year (since 2010 Wet van Dam) |
| opzegging | termination on notice | |
| opzegtermijn | notice period | One month for consumer policies |
| tussentijdse opzegging | interim termination | |
| opzegging door verzekeraar | termination by insurer | |
| royement | cancellation / lapse | |
| premievervalclausule | premium-lapse clause | BW 7:934 — insurer must warn before cancellation for non-payment |
| herstelmogelijkheid | reinstatement right | |
| no-claim / bonusmalus-korting | no-claim bonus / bonus-malus | Motor insurance |

## Reinsurance

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| herverzekering | reinsurance | |
| cedent / afgever | cedent | |
| herverzekeraar | reinsurer | |
| retrocessie | retrocession | |
| proportionele herverzekering | proportional reinsurance | |
| quota share | quota share | |
| surplusverdrag / surplus reinsurance | surplus reinsurance | |
| niet-proportionele herverzekering | non-proportional reinsurance | |
| excess of loss | excess of loss / XL | |
| stop loss | stop-loss | |
| facultatieve herverzekering | facultative reinsurance | |
| verdragsherverzekering / obligatoire | treaty reinsurance | |
| slip | slip | |
| eigen behoud / retentie | retention | |
| volgrecht / claims control clause | claims control clause | |
| volg-de-leider / follow-the-leader | follow-the-leader / follow the settlements | |

## Insurance Regulation (Wft and EU)

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Wet op het financieel toezicht (Wft) | Financial Supervision Act | Primary regulatory statute |
| Solvency II / Solvabiliteit II | Solvency II | EU Directive 2009/138/EC; implemented in Wft |
| vergunning | licence / authorisation | Required to carry on insurance business |
| DNB (De Nederlandsche Bank) | DNB (Dutch Central Bank) | Prudential supervisor |
| AFM (Autoriteit Financiële Markten) | AFM (Authority for the Financial Markets) | Conduct supervisor |
| EIOPA | EIOPA | European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority |
| solvabiliteitskapitaalvereiste (SCR) | solvency capital requirement | |
| minimumkapitaalvereiste (MCR) | minimum capital requirement | |
| eigen risico-beoordeling (ORSA) | own risk and solvency assessment | |
| ORSA-rapport | ORSA report | |
| technische voorzieningen | technical provisions | |
| best estimate | best estimate | |
| risicomarge | risk margin | |
| SFCR / RSR | SFCR / RSR | Solvency and Financial Condition Report / Regular Supervisory Report |
| Wwft-toepassing | AML-Act application | Insurers subject to AML for life / investment-linked products |
| geschiktheid en betrouwbaarheid | fit and proper | |
| key functions / sleutelfuncties | key functions | Risk, compliance, internal audit, actuarial |
| verklaring van geen bezwaar (vvgb) | declaration of no objection | For qualifying holdings in insurers |
| portefeuilleoverdracht | portfolio transfer | |
| run-off portefeuille | run-off portfolio | |
| Wet financiële markten BES / BES-toezicht | BES-Islands financial supervision | Caribbean NL |

## Conduct, Distribution and Consumer Protection

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| zorgplicht | duty of care | Broader duty of care on financial institutions towards customers |
| passendheid / geschiktheid | appropriateness / suitability | Under MiFID/IDD regimes |
| klantonderzoek | customer due diligence (CDD) | |
| productinformatieblad / IPID | insurance product information document | Under IDD |
| essentiële-informatiedocument (Eid / KID) | key information document (KID) | For PRIIPs-in-scope products |
| provisieverbod | commission ban | Sweeping ban on commissions for complex insurance products since 2013 |
| dienstverleningsdocument (DVD) | service document | |
| kifid (Klachteninstituut Financiële Dienstverlening) | Financial Services Complaints Institute | Kifid — ombudsman |
| Verbond van Verzekeraars | Dutch Association of Insurers | Industry body; issues binding codes |
| Gedragscode Verzekeraars | Insurers' Code of Conduct | |
| Governance Principes Verzekeraars | Insurance Governance Principles | |
| IDD / richtlijn verzekeringsdistributie | Insurance Distribution Directive | |
| financieel intermediair / adviseur | financial intermediary / adviser | |
| bemiddelen | mediating / intermediation | |
| adviseren | advising | |
| execution-only | execution-only | |

## Specific Dutch Insurance Products and Concepts

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| WAM-verzekering | motor third-party liability insurance | Mandatory under Wet aansprakelijkheidsverzekering motorrijtuigen |
| Groene Kaart | green card | International motor certificate |
| Nationaal Bureau NLB / Waarborgfonds Motorverkeer | National Bureau / Motor Insurance Bureau | Pays claims where no insurance / unknown driver |
| Zorgverzekeringswet (Zvw) | Health Insurance Act | Mandatory basic health insurance |
| zorgverzekeraar | health insurance company | |
| zorgaanbieder | healthcare provider | |
| restitutiepolis | restitution policy | Free choice of provider; reimbursement basis |
| naturapolis | in-kind policy | Contracted-provider only |
| combinatiepolis | combined policy | |
| Wet langdurige zorg (Wlz) | Long-Term Care Act | |
| Regeling Restschade / NHT | Terrorism Insurance Pool | NHT — EUR 1 billion industry-wide annual cap |
| aardbevingsschade Groningen | Groningen earthquake damage | Specific IMG regime — not ordinary insurance |
| Nederlandse Herverzekeringsmaatschappij voor Terrorismeschaden | Dutch Reinsurance Company for Terrorism Losses | |

## Notes for Translators

- **BW 7.17 codification**: Dutch insurance contract law is codified in Book 7, Title 17 of the Civil Code (BW 7:925–7:986), enacted 2006. Translates "BW 7:928" as "BW 7:928" or "Article 7:928 Dutch Civil Code". This is a modern, principles-based regime — different from the UK Marine Insurance Act 1906 / Insurance Act 2015 structure. Do not import UK concepts wholesale.
- **Schadeverzekering vs sommenverzekering**: Core Dutch distinction. Schadeverzekering (indemnity insurance) compensates actual loss; sommenverzekering (sum insurance) pays fixed sum (typical of life/accident). Different statutory regimes in BW 7:944-ff vs 7:964-ff. Translate as "indemnity insurance" vs "sum insurance" or "non-indemnity insurance"; some sources say "non-life" vs "life-type" — but non-life is broader than sommenverzekering. Flag if ambiguous.
- **Mededelingsplicht (BW 7:928)**: Pre-contractual duty of disclosure. Since 2006 codification, it is a question-based duty — the applicant must answer insurer's questions truthfully, but is not required to volunteer information. This diverges from the pre-2006 regime and from the classic UK Marine Insurance Act "utmost good faith" test. Translate as "duty to disclose" but note the question-based limitation in translator's note if important.
- **Verzwijging / verkeerde opgave**: Consequences of breach of disclosure duty. Under BW 7:929–930, insurer's remedies depend on (a) whether breach was intentional, (b) causal connection between undisclosed fact and loss, and (c) whether insurer would have contracted on different terms. Sophisticated framework; never flatten to "the insurer can void the policy".
- **Opzet en merkelijke schuld**: BW 7:952 — insurer is not liable for loss caused by the insured's intent (opzet) or "merkelijke schuld" (material fault/material culpability). The concept of "merkelijke schuld" has no exact English equivalent; it is higher than ordinary negligence but lower than gross negligence or intent. Translate literally with gloss ("material fault") or preserve Dutch.
- **Bereddingskosten (BW 7:957)**: Salvage/mitigation costs incurred to prevent or limit loss. Recoverable in addition to sum insured — key point. Translate as "salvage costs" or "mitigation costs" depending on context (marine vs. general). Include note that they are recoverable on top of sum insured.
- **Subrogatie (BW 7:962)**: After payment of indemnity, insurer is subrogated to insured's rights against third parties. Codified right. Similar to common-law subrogation. Key limitation: no subrogation against the insured's household members / employees unless intent. Flag this carve-out in translation.
- **Onderverzekering / evenredigheidsregel (BW 7:958)**: If sum insured is less than actual value, insurer pays pro rata. Average clause is statutory default — translate as "average clause" / "underinsurance rule". Consumer policies often waive evenredigheid.
- **Wet van Dam / annual tacit renewal**: Since 2010, consumer insurance contracts tacitly renewed after the first year can be terminated at any time with a one-month notice. "Wet van Dam" is the common name of the amendment to BW 7:940. Only consumer policies — commercial lines are governed by contract.
- **WAM (Wet aansprakelijkheidsverzekering motorrijtuigen)**: Compulsory third-party liability regime for motor vehicles. Translate as "Motor Vehicle Liability Insurance Act". Reference the Waarborgfonds Motorverkeer (Guarantee Fund for Motor Traffic) for uninsured/hit-and-run claims.
- **Zorgverzekeringswet (Zvw)**: Dutch health insurance is mandatory private insurance — private insurers offer regulated basic coverage to everyone (acceptance plicht). Not state insurance like UK NHS or statutory insurance like German GKV. Translate as "Health Insurance Act"; explain regime if audience unfamiliar.
- **Kifid**: Alternative dispute resolution body for financial services complaints (including insurance). Binding in certain cases; advisory in others, depending on institution's choice. Translate as "Financial Services Complaints Institute (Kifid)".
- **NHT terrorism pool**: The Dutch terrorism insurance pool is a market-wide reinsurance arrangement capped at EUR 1 billion per year. Losses in excess are pro-rated. Always flag terrorism exclusions in Dutch policies — standard carve-back via NHT.
- **Provisieverbod**: Since 2013, commissions on complex financial products (including mortgages, individual life, disability, pension insurance) are banned. Payment must be directly from customer. Does not apply to non-life P&C. Translate as "commission ban" / "ban on inducements".
- **Verbond van Verzekeraars**: Dutch Association of Insurers — powerful industry body. Issues self-regulatory codes (Gedragscode Verzekeraars, Governance Principes) that are de facto binding on members. Translate as "Dutch Association of Insurers".
- **NVGA-volmacht / gevolmachtigd agent**: Authorised underwriting agents regulated under Wft. Often binder-authority structures with Lloyd's or London market. Translate as "authorised underwriting agent" or "coverholder" (Lloyd's usage). NVGA is industry body.
- **Schade-expert vs schade-expertise bureau**: Individual loss adjuster vs firm. NIVRE is the Dutch register of loss adjusters. Translate as "loss adjuster" (UK) or "claims adjuster" (US).
- **DNB vs AFM in insurance**: DNB supervises prudential soundness of insurers (capital, reserves, governance); AFM supervises conduct (distribution, disclosure, product approval). Twin-peaks model. Always identify correct regulator based on context.
- **Belgian insurance**: Belgian insurance law is governed by the 2014 Insurance Act (Wet betreffende de verzekeringen / Loi relative aux assurances). Similar framework but different statute. Belgian Ombudsman for Insurance is separate from Dutch Kifid. NBB is prudential supervisor; FSMA is conduct supervisor. Flag Belgian documents for cross-check.
- **Solvency II in Dutch**: Consistently translate "Solvabiliteit II" as "Solvency II". SCR/MCR are generally retained as English acronyms in Dutch practice. "Eigen risico-beoordeling" = ORSA — again, retain English acronym.
- **Run-off**: Used in English in Dutch insurance practice. "Afloopportefeuille" is sometimes used but run-off is more common.
- **Polishouder vs verzekeringnemer**: Both mean policyholder in practice. "Verzekeringnemer" is the BW 7.17 statutory term and should be preferred in legal documents. "Polishouder" appears in more consumer-facing contexts.
