# French — Litigation & Settlement Sub-Lexicon

Maps French terms for contentious legal work — civil procedure, administrative procedure,
criminal procedure, settlement agreements, releases, waivers, consent orders, dispute
resolution clauses, mediation and arbitration — to their correct English equivalents.

This sub-lexicon covers both (a) the full civil, administrative and criminal litigation
life-cycle (assignation → audience → jugement → appel → cassation → exécution) and
(b) transactional instruments (transaction, protocole d'accord transactionnel,
renonciation, quittance, accord homologué). The settlement terminology below is preserved
in full; civil / administrative / criminal litigation sections extend the sub-lexicon
to live proceedings.

## Core Settlement Terms

| French | English |
|---|---|
| transaction / accord transactionnel | settlement agreement |
| protocole d'accord transactionnel | settlement agreement / settlement deed |
| quittance / décharge | release |
| renonciation | waiver |
| concessions réciproques | mutual concessions |
| indemnité transactionnelle | settlement amount / settlement payment |
| versement forfaitaire | lump-sum payment |
| versements échelonnés | installment payments |
| clause de non-recours | covenant not to sue |
| désistement | discontinuance / withdrawal of proceedings |
| quittance pour solde de tout compte | full and final settlement / release of all claims |
| remise de dette | debt forgiveness / release of debt |
| reconnaissance de dette | acknowledgment of debt |
| mise en demeure préalable | prior notice of default |
| procédure amiable / règlement amiable | amicable settlement / out-of-court settlement |
| médiation | mediation |
| conciliation | conciliation |
| négociation | negotiation |

## Arbitration Terms

| French | English |
|---|---|
| convention d'arbitrage | arbitration agreement |
| clause compromissoire | arbitration clause |
| compromis d'arbitrage | submission agreement (to arbitrate an existing dispute) |
| tribunal arbitral | arbitral tribunal |
| arbitre | arbitrator |
| arbitre unique | sole arbitrator |
| président du tribunal arbitral | presiding arbitrator / chairman |
| sentence arbitrale | arbitral award |
| sentence définitive | final award |
| sentence partielle | partial award |
| sentence provisoire / sentence intérimaire | interim award |
| Chambre de commerce internationale (CCI) | International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) |
| règlement d'arbitrage CCI | ICC Rules of Arbitration |
| Cour internationale d'arbitrage | ICC International Court of Arbitration |
| siège de l'arbitrage | seat of the arbitration |
| lieu de l'arbitrage | venue of the arbitration |
| langue de l'arbitrage | language of the arbitration |
| acte de mission | terms of reference |
| provision pour frais d'arbitrage | advance on costs |

## Litigation Terms

| French | English |
|---|---|
| citation à comparaître | summons |
| intervention volontaire | voluntary joinder / intervention |
| pièces | exhibits / documentary evidence |
| arrêt (cour d'appel, Cour de cassation) | judgment (Court of Appeal) / ruling |
| exécution provisoire | provisional enforcement |
| article 700 (CPC) | costs order (contribution to legal fees) |

## Section Headings

| French | English |
|---|---|
| EXPOSÉ DU LITIGE | BACKGROUND TO THE DISPUTE |
| CONDITIONS FINANCIÈRES | FINANCIAL TERMS |
| RENONCIATION ET DÉCHARGE | WAIVER AND RELEASE |
| CONFIDENTIALITÉ | CONFIDENTIALITY |
| NON-DÉNIGREMENT | NON-DISPARAGEMENT |
| LOI APPLICABLE ET JURIDICTION | GOVERNING LAW AND JURISDICTION |
| DISPOSITIONS GÉNÉRALES | MISCELLANEOUS |

## Notes

- **"Transaction" (Art. 2044 Code civil)**: A settlement agreement under French law
  requires "concessions réciproques" (mutual concessions) to be valid. This is a
  validity requirement with no common law equivalent. Translate as "settlement agreement"
  but note the mutual concessions requirement if relevant.
- **"Exequatur"**: The French procedure for recognizing and enforcing a foreign judgment
  or arbitral award. Translate as "recognition and enforcement" or "enforcement order".
- **"Référé"**: French summary proceedings allowing a judge to order interim measures
  quickly. Similar to common law interim/interlocutory applications. Translate as
  "summary proceedings" or "interim proceedings".
- **"Astreinte"**: A periodic penalty imposed by the court to compel performance.
  Similar to but distinct from contempt of court. Translate as "penalty payment" or
  "periodic penalty" with context note.
- **"Article 700 CPC"**: The French provision allowing the court to order one party to
  contribute to the other's legal fees. Not the same as a full costs order. Translate
  as "contribution to legal fees" or "costs order" with context note.

## Civil Litigation — Parties and Pleadings (French Mappings)

| French term | English equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| procédure civile / instance civile | civil proceedings | Court proceedings between private parties |
| demandeur | claimant (UK) / plaintiff (US) | Party initiating civil proceedings |
| défendeur | defendant | Party against whom proceedings are brought |
| requérant | applicant | Party initiating summary / référé or specific applications |
| intimé | respondent (on appeal) | Party responding to an appeal |
| appelant | appellant | Party bringing the appeal |
| partie intervenante / intervention volontaire | intervener / voluntary intervention | Third party joining proceedings |
| mise en cause / appel en garantie | joinder / third-party claim | Bringing a third party into proceedings |
| assignation | claim form / particulars of claim (UK) / summons and complaint (US) | Document initiating ordinary civil proceedings |
| requête | application / petition | Document initiating summary or special proceedings |
| conclusions | pleadings / written submissions | French-style written statements of case |
| conclusions en défense | statement of defense | Defendant's written submissions |
| conclusions récapitulatives | final pleadings / consolidated submissions | Consolidated pleadings at end of proceedings |
| conclusions additionnelles | supplemental pleadings | Further written submissions |
| demande initiale | initial claim | — |
| demande reconventionnelle | counterclaim | Defendant's cross-claim |
| demande incidente | incidental / interim claim | — |
| moyen de défense | defense / ground of defense | Legal point raised in defense |
| exception de procédure | procedural objection | Objection on procedural grounds |
| exception d'incompétence | objection on jurisdiction | Jurisdictional challenge |
| fin de non-recevoir | bar to action / objection to admissibility | French procedural category barring the claim without touching the merits |
| signification / notification | service of process / service | Formal delivery of court documents |
| signification par huissier | service by bailiff | Personal service by judicial officer (huissier de justice) |
| signification à l'étranger | cross-border service | Hague Convention / EU Service Regulation |
| mise en état | case management / preparation of the case | Pre-trial procedural phase under French CPC |
| juge de la mise en état (JME) | case management judge | Judge supervising pre-trial preparation |
| ordonnance de clôture | closure order | Order closing the procedural phase |
| calendrier de procédure | procedural timetable / directions | Schedule of pleadings and hearings |
| production de pièces | disclosure / production of documents | French production of documents — narrower than common-law disclosure |
| pièces / bordereau de pièces | exhibits / schedule of exhibits | Documentary evidence with numbered schedule |
| preuve | evidence | Material offered to prove or disprove a fact |
| preuve écrite / preuve littérale | documentary / written evidence | Evidence by document |
| témoignage | testimony / oral evidence | Evidence given by a witness |
| attestation | witness statement | Written statement by a witness (French format, signed with handwritten declaration) |
| enquête | taking of evidence (by court) / judicial inquiry | Court-supervised hearing of witnesses |
| expertise judiciaire | court-appointed expert evidence | Expert evidence commissioned by the court |
| expert judiciaire | court-appointed expert | The expert |
| expertise amiable / privée | party-appointed expert report | Expert report by a party's own expert |
| secret professionnel | legal professional privilege | Distinct French concept — narrower than English privilege |
| serment | oath | Formal swearing |

## Civil Litigation — Hearings, Judgments and Remedies (French Mappings)

| French term | English equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| audience | hearing | Court hearing |
| audience de plaidoirie | hearing for oral argument | Hearing for oral submissions |
| plaidoirie | oral argument / oral submissions | Oral submissions by counsel |
| renvoi d'audience | adjournment | Postponement of a hearing |
| délibéré | deliberation / judgment reserved | Period between hearing and judgment |
| jugement | judgment | Decision of a first-instance court — do NOT calque as "judgment" alone; never use "sentence" in civil contexts |
| arrêt | judgment (of appellate or supreme court) | Decision of Cour d'appel, Cour de cassation or Conseil d'État |
| jugement contradictoire | inter partes judgment | Judgment where all parties appeared |
| jugement par défaut / réputé contradictoire | default judgment / judgment deemed inter partes | Judgment against non-appearing party |
| jugement avant dire droit | interim / interlocutory judgment | Judgment on preliminary issue |
| jugement de débouté | judgment dismissing the claim | Rejection of the claim |
| jugement définitif | final judgment | Judgment disposing of the case |
| ordonnance | order / ruling | Interlocutory procedural decision |
| ordonnance de référé | summary / interim order | Order in summary proceedings (référé) |
| référé | summary / urgent proceedings | French summary procedure |
| référé-provision | summary application for interim payment | — |
| référé-conservatoire | summary application for protective measure | — |
| dommages et intérêts | damages / compensation | Monetary compensation |
| dommages-intérêts compensatoires | compensatory damages | Compensation for loss |
| dommages-intérêts moratoires | interest for late payment / default interest | Interest for delay |
| dommages-intérêts punitifs | punitive / exemplary damages | Rarely awarded in France |
| préjudice matériel | material / pecuniary loss | Economic loss |
| préjudice moral | non-pecuniary / moral damages | Non-economic loss |
| préjudice corporel | personal injury / bodily injury damages | — |
| perte de chance | loss of opportunity / loss of chance | French-recognized head of damages |
| intérêts légaux | statutory interest | Interest at legal rate |
| astreinte | astreinte / daily penalty for non-performance | French indirect enforcement tool — retain term or render as "penalty payment" with note |
| article 700 CPC | Article 700 costs / reasonable legal expenses | French provision for discretionary costs beyond "dépens" |
| exécution forcée en nature | specific performance | Equitable remedy requiring performance |
| mesure conservatoire / mesure d'urgence | interim measure / injunctive relief | Interim protective order |
| saisie conservatoire | attachment / freezing order | Precautionary attachment of assets |
| sursis à statuer | stay of proceedings | Suspension of the case |
| désistement d'instance | withdrawal of proceedings | Unilateral withdrawal by claimant |
| désistement d'action | waiver of claim / release of action | Waiver of the right of action |
| radiation du rôle | removal from the cause list / strike out from list | Removal from active list |
| péremption d'instance | lapse of proceedings | Termination due to inactivity |

## Civil Litigation — Appeals, Cassation and Enforcement (French Mappings)

| French term | English equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| voies de recours | avenues of appeal / challenges | Generic term |
| appel | appeal | Ordinary appeal to the Cour d'appel |
| Cour d'appel | Court of Appeal | Second-instance court |
| déclaration d'appel | notice of appeal | Document initiating the appeal |
| moyens d'appel | grounds of appeal | Specific challenges raised |
| pourvoi en cassation | appeal to the Court of Cassation / cassation appeal | Appeal on points of law only |
| moyen de cassation | cassation ground | Legal challenge on appeal |
| cassation sans renvoi | cassation without remittal | Cassation without sending case back |
| cassation avec renvoi | cassation with remittal | Case sent back to different lower court |
| Assemblée plénière de la Cour de cassation | Plenary Assembly of the Court of Cassation | Plenary formation |
| tierce opposition | third-party opposition | Remedy for third party affected by a judgment |
| opposition (à un jugement par défaut) | opposition (to default judgment) | Remedy for defendant against whom default judgment was entered |
| recours en révision | revision / application for revision of judgment | Extraordinary remedy on specified grounds |
| autorité de la chose jugée | res judicata | Final and binding effect of judgment |
| jugement passé en force de chose jugée | judgment having become final / res judicata | No further appeal available |
| exécution forcée | enforcement / execution | Enforcement of judgment |
| titre exécutoire | enforceable title / enforceable instrument | Civil-law concept — judgment, notarial deed etc. |
| formule exécutoire | writ of execution / executory formula | Formula appended to an enforceable title |
| saisie | seizure / attachment (for enforcement) | Enforcement seizure |
| saisie-attribution | third-party debt order / garnishee order | Seizure of bank accounts and receivables |
| saisie immobilière | seizure of real property | Enforcement against real estate |
| saisie-vente | seizure for sale (movables) | Seizure of movables for sale |
| commandement de payer | enforcement notice / demand for payment | Pre-enforcement formal demand |
| exequatur | recognition and enforcement / exequatur | Procedure for enforcing foreign judgments/awards |

## Administrative Litigation (French Mappings)

| French term | English equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| contentieux administratif | administrative litigation | Public-law litigation |
| juridictions administratives | administrative courts | The French system of administrative courts |
| tribunal administratif (TA) | Administrative Court | First-instance administrative court |
| cour administrative d'appel (CAA) | Administrative Court of Appeal | Second-instance administrative court |
| Conseil d'État | Council of State | Highest French administrative court |
| section du contentieux (CE) | Litigation Section (Conseil d'État) | Litigation chamber of Council of State |
| recours pour excès de pouvoir (REP) | application for judicial review (on grounds of illegality) | Core French judicial-review action |
| recours de plein contentieux / contentieux de pleine juridiction | full-jurisdiction recourse | French administrative proceedings where court can substitute its decision |
| recours gracieux | administrative reconsideration application | Request to same authority |
| recours hiérarchique | hierarchical administrative appeal | Appeal within the administrative hierarchy |
| acte administratif | administrative act / administrative decision | Act of a public body producing legal effects |
| décision administrative | administrative decision | Specific binding decision |
| acte réglementaire | regulatory act / regulation | Act of general application |
| acte individuel | individual administrative act | Decision addressed to a specific person |
| acte détachable | detachable act | French category of administrative acts separable from contracts |
| décision implicite de rejet | tacit / implied rejection | Tacit refusal by silence |
| personne publique / autorité administrative | public authority / public body | Decision-making administrative authority |
| intérêt à agir | sufficient interest / standing | Standing to bring proceedings |
| moyens de légalité externe | grounds of external legality | Procedural/formal grounds of review |
| moyens de légalité interne | grounds of internal legality | Substantive grounds of review |
| incompétence | lack of jurisdiction / incompetence | Act taken by wrong body |
| vice de forme | formal defect | Procedural defect |
| vice de procédure | procedural defect | Breach of procedural rules |
| détournement de pouvoir | misuse of power | Act for improper purpose |
| erreur manifeste d'appréciation | manifest error of assessment | French ground akin to irrationality |
| contrôle de proportionnalité | proportionality review | Review for proportionality |
| annulation de l'acte | annulment / quashing of the act | Setting aside of administrative act |
| injonction | mandatory order | Order requiring public body to act |
| astreinte (administrative) | astreinte / daily penalty | French indirect enforcement tool |
| référé-suspension | summary application to suspend | Suspension of administrative act pending ruling |
| référé-liberté | summary liberty application / urgent human-rights application | Summary protection of fundamental freedoms |
| référé mesures utiles | summary useful-measures application | Generic urgent summary remedy |
| expropriation pour cause d'utilité publique | expropriation / compulsory purchase | Taking for public purpose |
| indemnité d'expropriation | expropriation compensation | Compensation for compulsory acquisition |
| marché public | public contract | Publicly-awarded contract |
| contentieux des marchés publics | public procurement litigation | Procurement challenge |
| référé précontractuel / référé contractuel | pre-contractual summary application / contractual summary application | Summary procurement challenges |
| sanction administrative | administrative sanction / penalty | Non-criminal regulatory penalty |

## Criminal Proceedings (French Mappings)

| French term | English equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| procédure pénale | criminal procedure | Body of rules on criminal proceedings |
| instance pénale | criminal proceedings | Criminal case |
| infraction | criminal offense / offense | Conduct prohibited by criminal law |
| crime | serious indictable offence (UK) / felony (US) | Most serious category of offence (tried before cour d'assises) |
| délit | indictable offence (UK) / felony or serious misdemeanor (US) | Middle category; tried before tribunal correctionnel |
| contravention | summary offence (minor) / infraction (US) | Least serious category |
| prévenu | defendant (in correctional proceedings) | Accused person in délit proceedings |
| accusé | accused (in crime proceedings) | Accused person before cour d'assises |
| mis en examen | person under formal investigation / charged person | French procedural status during instruction |
| témoin assisté | assisted witness | French procedural status (between suspect and mis en examen) |
| victime / partie civile | victim / civil party | Civil party joining criminal proceedings to claim damages |
| constitution de partie civile | joining as civil party | Formal step of joining criminal proceedings as civil party |
| ministère public / parquet | public prosecutor's office / Crown Prosecution Service equivalent | French prosecuting authority — do NOT calque as "public ministry" |
| procureur de la République | public prosecutor | Head of local prosecution office |
| procureur général | general prosecutor | Prosecutor at appellate level |
| juge d'instruction | investigating judge / examining magistrate | Judge conducting formal judicial investigation |
| juge des libertés et de la détention (JLD) | judge of liberties and detention / custody judge | Judge deciding on pre-trial detention |
| juge de l'application des peines (JAP) | sentence-enforcement judge / sentencing judge | Judge overseeing execution of sentences |
| police judiciaire | criminal investigation police | Police investigating under prosecutor/judge direction |
| enquête préliminaire | preliminary investigation | Pre-charge police investigation |
| enquête de flagrance | in flagrante investigation | Investigation during/just after offense |
| instruction / information judiciaire | judicial investigation / instruction | Formal pre-trial judicial inquiry into serious offenses |
| garde à vue | police custody / detention in police custody | Time-limited custody for questioning |
| détention provisoire | pre-trial detention / remand in custody | Detention before trial |
| contrôle judiciaire | judicial supervision / bail conditions | French pre-trial supervision (bail-like) |
| assignation à résidence avec surveillance électronique (ARSE) | home detention with electronic monitoring | French pre-trial measure |
| droit au silence | right to silence | Constitutional right |
| avocat de la défense | defense counsel | Defendant's lawyer |
| aide juridictionnelle | legal aid | State-funded legal representation |
| ordonnance de renvoi | committal order | Order sending defendant for trial |
| non-lieu | no case to answer / dismissal before trial | Decision not to proceed after instruction |
| audience correctionnelle | correctional hearing / trial (for délits) | Trial before tribunal correctionnel |
| cour d'assises | assize court | Court of first instance for crimes (serious offenses) |
| tribunal correctionnel | correctional court | Court of first instance for délits |
| tribunal de police | police court | Court of first instance for contraventions |
| plaider coupable / comparution sur reconnaissance préalable de culpabilité (CRPC) | plea bargaining / plea agreement | French plea-agreement procedure |
| ordonnance pénale | penal order / summary penal decree | Summary conviction by judicial order |
| composition pénale | penal composition / criminal composition | Alternative pre-trial measure avoiding trial |
| médiation pénale | criminal mediation | Victim-offender mediation in criminal matters |
| condamnation | conviction | Finding of guilt |
| acquittement | acquittal (in cour d'assises) | Verdict of not guilty in assize court |
| relaxe | acquittal (in tribunal correctionnel / de police) | Verdict of not guilty in correctional/police court |
| peine | sentence / penalty | Punishment imposed on conviction — here "sentence" is correct (criminal context) |
| peine privative de liberté | custodial sentence | Imprisonment |
| emprisonnement | imprisonment | Prison sentence (délits) |
| réclusion criminelle | criminal imprisonment / imprisonment (for crime) | Imprisonment for serious offenses |
| réclusion criminelle à perpétuité | life imprisonment | Life sentence |
| sursis | suspended sentence | Suspended execution of sentence |
| sursis avec mise à l'épreuve / sursis probatoire | suspended sentence with probation | Probationary suspended sentence |
| travail d'intérêt général (TIG) | community service order / unpaid work order | Community sentence |
| amende | fine | Monetary penalty |
| jour-amende | day-fine | Fine calculated per day |
| peines complémentaires | ancillary penalties | Disqualifications, bans and other supplementary penalties |
| interdiction d'exercer une fonction publique | disqualification from public office | — |
| confiscation | confiscation | Permanent deprivation of assets |
| indemnisation de la partie civile | compensation to the civil party | Damages to victim joined as civil party |
| prescription de l'action publique | limitation period for prosecution | Time-bar of prosecution |
| prescription de la peine | limitation period for enforcement of sentence | Time-bar of sentence execution |
| autorité de la chose jugée au pénal | res judicata in criminal matters | Final effect of criminal judgment |
| non bis in idem | double jeopardy / ne bis in idem | Prohibition on repeated prosecution |
| extradition | extradition | Cross-border surrender |
| mandat d'arrêt européen (MAE) | European Arrest Warrant (EAW) | EU instrument |
| commission rogatoire | letter of request / rogatory letter | Cross-border judicial assistance |
| responsabilité pénale des personnes morales | corporate criminal liability | Liability of companies under French Penal Code |

## French Procedure Code References

| French provision | English equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Code de procédure civile (CPC) | French Code of Civil Procedure | — |
| Code de procédure pénale (CPP) | French Code of Criminal Procedure | — |
| Code de justice administrative (CJA) | French Code of Administrative Justice | — |
| article 808/809 CPC | Articles 808/809 of the Code of Civil Procedure | Powers of juge des référés (summary judge) |
| article L. 521-1 CJA | Article L. 521-1 of the Code of Administrative Justice | Référé-suspension powers |

## Notes for Translators — Litigation

- **"Jugement" vs "arrêt"**: First-instance decisions are "jugements"; decisions of the Cour d'appel, Cour de cassation, and Conseil d'État are "arrêts". In English, both translate as "judgment", but a translator's note may be useful when the hierarchy matters.

- **"Sentence" is reserved for criminal contexts**: In civil and administrative contexts, "jugement" / "arrêt" = "judgment". "Peine" / "condamnation" in the criminal sense = "sentence". Do not calque.

- **"Partie civile"**: The French mechanism by which a victim joins criminal proceedings to claim damages. Retain the concept with "civil party" and add a translator's note — there is no direct common-law equivalent.

- **"Ministère public" / "parquet"**: Never calque as "public ministry". Correct: "public prosecutor's office" or "prosecuting authority". "Procureur" = "public prosecutor".

- **"Astreinte"**: A key French enforcement/compliance tool — daily penalty payments for non-performance. Retain "astreinte" (well known in international practice) or use "penalty payment" with a translator's note.

- **"Mis en examen"**: A French procedural status arising during "instruction" with no direct common-law equivalent. Translate as "person under formal investigation" or "charged person" depending on context, with a translator's note where precision matters.

- **"Dépens" vs "article 700"**: "Dépens" refers to statutory costs (limited categories). Article 700 of the CPC is a discretionary allowance for additional legal expenses (like solicitor's fees). Distinguish carefully in translation.

- **"Référé"**: French summary / urgent procedure heard by a single judge. Translate as "summary proceedings" or "urgent proceedings" and retain or identify the specific sub-type (référé-provision, référé-liberté, etc.) as needed.

- **"Fin de non-recevoir"**: A French procedural objection that bars the action without touching the merits (e.g. for lack of standing, limitation, res judicata). Translate as "bar to action" or "objection to admissibility" — not a "defense on the merits".

- **"Cour de cassation"**: Highest French civil/criminal court. Reviews only points of law. Keep English as "Court of Cassation". Cassation is civil-law-specific — translator's note warranted where the procedural limits matter.

- **"Conseil d'État"**: Highest French administrative court; also has advisory functions on draft legislation. "Council of State" is the standard English rendering.

## Additional Lawlinguists-validated French Litigation / Settlement Mappings

| French | English |
|---|---|
| citation | summons |
| juge de la mise en état | pre-trial judge |
| jugement sur le fond | judgment on the merits |
| chose jugée | res judicata |
| Cour de cassation | Court of Cassation (supreme court for civil/commercial/criminal) |
| juridiction administrative | administrative jurisdiction |
| juridiction judiciaire | judicial jurisdiction (civil + commercial + criminal) |
| tribunal judiciaire | Judicial Tribunal (merged TGI and Tribunal d'instance in 2020) |
| tribunal de commerce | Commercial Tribunal |
| conseil de prud'hommes | labor court (bipartite employer/employee judges) |
| référé-expertise | summary order for expert appointment |
| liquidation d'astreinte | liquidation / quantification of the astreinte |
| dépens | taxable costs (court fees, bailiff's fees — narrower than English "costs") |
| preuve écrite / préconstituée | written / pre-constituted evidence |
| preuve par tous moyens | evidence by any means |
| aveu | admission |
| présomption | presumption |
| signification | service (of process) |
| notification | notification |
| huissier de justice / commissaire de justice | judicial officer / bailiff (from July 2022, "commissaire de justice" replaces "huissier") |
| transaction (Arts. 2044-2058 Code civil) | compromise agreement / settlement |
| arbitrage | arbitration |
| recours en annulation | action to set aside (arbitral award) |
| procédure civile d'exécution | civil enforcement procedure |
| CPCE (Code des procédures civiles d'exécution) | Civil Enforcement Procedures Code |
