---
title: Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) and Net Zero Provisions for Construction or Development Agreements
excerpt: 
date: 2024-03-27T14:17:28Z
modified: 2025-07-23T11:25:04Z
file_type: md
permalink: clauses/modern-methods-of-construction-mmc-and-net-zero-provisions-for-construction-or-development-agreements.html
wpid: 2207
status: publish
type: clause
jurisdiction:
  - England &amp; Wales
maintenance-status:
  - Not maintained
practice-area:
  - Construction
sector:
  - Construction and infrastructure
  - Real estate
eleventyComputed:
  clause_child_name: "Madhavi's Clause"
  clause_summary: Adapts sustainable practices and net zero aligned provisions from TCLP’s construction clauses for use in MMC contracts.
  clause_last_updated_date: 2022-04-08
layout: layouts/clause.njk
---

# Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) and Net Zero Provisions for Construction or Development Agreements

## Child’s name

Madhavi's Clause

## Summary

Adapts sustainable practices and net zero aligned provisions from TCLP’s construction clauses for use in MMC contracts.

## What this clause does

Allows contracting parties to embed their vision of sustainability through the use of MMC into contracts, while also achieving the cost and efficiency benefits MMC offers. The clause is practical and considerate of the realities of off-site construction and promotes MMC use in a sustainable way by parties to construction contracts or development agreements.

## Clause Content

*\[Drafting note: capitalised terms relate to either a defined term in this clause or a defined term in the main agreement that this clause is designed to be inserted into.\]*

**1. Contractor's Obligations**

\[*Drafting note: consider here if it is also appropriate to set requirements for the contractor that do not relate to the performance of the contract, but influence their selection as a contracting partner, such as joining* [*Race to Zero* ](https://racetozero.unfccc.int/system/race-to-zero/?_gl=1*y79oti*_ga*MjA2NDczMzIzMC4xNjk5MzY5NDIz*_ga_7ZZWT14N79*MTcwOTU2NzQxMy45LjEuMTcwOTU3MTExOC4wLjAuMA)*and/or setting a* [*Science Based Target*](https://sciencebasedtargets.org/)*. Consider too whether the Employer will need to provide support with this. If the Employer itself has joined Race to Zero this will help with fulfilling its Empowerment and Equity Leadership Practice Criteria.*\]

1.1 The Contractor must carry out all of its obligations under the Contract in accordance with:

(a) the \[Project Documents/ Contract Documents\];

(b) all applicable laws and standards; and

(c) Best Industry Practice.

1.2 In performing its obligations under the Contract, the Contractor shall and shall ensure through similar contractual provisions that each of its sub-contractors and suppliers shall:

(a) \[comply with all applicable laws and standards including without limitation the Modern Slavery Act 2015, the Anti-Slavery Policy and the Employer's Anti-Bribery Policy;\] and

(b) \[use any digital tool(s) such as \[[IGNITE](https://www.the-mtc.org/news/ignite-project-to-transform-modern-construction/)\] as may be required by the Employer in respect of the MMC Build\].

1.3 For the duration of the Contract, the Contractor warrants that:

(a) it will use Best Industry Practice in carrying out its obligations under the contract;

(b) it will achieve the Net Zero Objectives;

(c) the Works will be fit for purpose and achieve the Net Zero Objectives as identified in the \[Employer’s Requirements\] on Practical Completion \[and during its operating life for such period and based on performance standards and/or specific compliance requirements as expressly set out in the Employer's Requirements;\*\]

\[(d) it shall not undertake any direct or indirect climate policy engagement, lobbying activities, trade association memberships or public policy positions that could reasonably be considered to undermine the goals of the UNFCCC’s Paris Agreement;\]

(e) without derogating from any other provision in the Contract, that it shall use \[Best Industry Practice\]\*\* when designing the Works and in complying with clauses 1.2(b) and 1.3(f),\*\*\* except where the Employer's Requirements expressly sets out performance standards and/or specific compliance requirements in respect of the Works which the Contractor is required to comply with, in which case the Contractor shall comply with any such standards and/or requirements or such other higher compliance standard as required by law;\*\*\*\* and

(f) the various elements of the design of the Works will be properly coordinated and integrated, one with another, and shall ensure that all aspects of the MMC Build shall be integrated and shall interface fully and properly with the other part or parts of the Works (including without limitation) the existing substructures, superstructures, cladding, utility and other services on the site in order that (but subject always to clause \[2\] (*Net Zero Modifications*)) it promotes the Net Zero Objectives.

\* \[*Drafting note: the operational phase has a significant impact on emissions. Therefore we expect the parties will need to rigorously consider the post-completion operational impact of the build also. Parties to consider what Net Zero Objectives will need to be expressly met with clearly defined performance standards/ requirements.*\]

\*\* \[*Drafting note: there is a reference to a reasonable skill and care standard within Best Industry Practice. Please check that any pre-existing definitions for "Standard of Care" in the underlying contract do not cut across this.*\]

\*\*\* \[*Drafting note: a Contractor will need to comply with (and deliver to) specified Net Zero Objectives. It is important that in the MMC Build context the parties clearly identify this requirement, the Net Zero Objectives and any associated performance standards/ requirements in the contract. This is also relevant to clause 5.2 below. Otherwise, the Contractor only has a reasonable skill and care standard that it needs to use to comply with such Net Zero Objectives.*\]

\*\*\*\* \[*Drafting note: this is after the* [*Højgaard case*](https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/uksc-2015-0115.html)*. There may be stricter design requirements particularly in respect of the MMC Build (set out in the Employer’s Requirements).*\]

1.4 The Contractor further acknowledges that the Design Freeze is integral to the Works, and that the Contractor shall coordinate all activities, and fully and properly integrate the design so as to facilitate the Design Freeze for the MMC Build.

1.5 The Contractor shall ensure (or shall procure) that the MMC Build is collected, transported, handled, installed and commissioned on site by experienced and specialised professionals using the standard of care set out at clause 1.3 and in compliance with any Insurance Backed Guarantee Scheme requirements.

**2. Net Zero Modifications**

2.1 At any time before the Design Freeze, \[the Contractor\]\* may propose a Net Zero Modification to the Works by giving a written notice to the Employer, setting out:

(a) the proposed Net Zero Modification;

(b) the reason for the proposed Net Zero Modification, including how the Net Zero Modification will assist in delivering the Net Zero Objectives or, alternatively, how the Net Zero Modification will improve the \[Carbon Footprint/ Carbon Intensity\] of the \[Works\];

(c) the time within, and the manner in which, the Contractor proposes to implement the proposed Net Zero Modification;

(d) the effect the proposed Net Zero Modification will have on the Contractor's Programme, design, development and manufacturing process, (including any extension of time required to the date for \[Practical Completion\]);

(e) any \[Approvals\] required to implement the proposed Net Zero Modification, and the effect of the proposed Net Zero Modification on any existing \[Approvals\];

(f) the effect the proposed Net Zero Modification will have on the Contractor's ability to satisfy its obligations under the Contract (including any warranties given by the Contractor under the Contract and in respect of work health and safety on the site and the MMC Build itself);

(g) the financial impact on the Employer arising from the Net Zero Modification, including but not limited to:

(i) cost savings or increases to the \[Contract Sum\];

(ii) costs savings to the ongoing operations and maintenance of the Works (including reduced energy costs arising from the Net Zero Modification);

(iii) reduced \[costs of GHG Emissions obligations/carbon price etc\];

(iv) reduced financing costs of the Works; and

any other relevant information reasonably required by the Employer to assess the proposed Net Zero Modification,

(a **Net Zero Modification Notice**)\[,

and for such purposes the Contractor agrees that it shall where applicable and as requested by the Employer use any digital tool such as \[[IGNITE](https://www.the-mtc.org/news/ignite-project-to-transform-modern-construction/)\]\].

\* \[*Drafting note: this obligation has been drafted so that the Contractor initiates the process. There may be circumstances where the Employer may wish to initiate a Net Zero Modification. If so, Madhavi’s Clause will need to be adapted to allow for that scenario also.*\]

2.2 Employer's Net Zero Modification response

(a) Within \[10 Business Days\] of receiving a Net Zero Modification Notice, the Employer must issue a notice to the Contractor which:

(i) approves the proposed Net Zero Modification (either in whole or part), in which case clause \[2.3\] will apply to those approved parts;

(ii) subject to clause \[2.4(a)\], rejects the proposed Net Zero Modification (either in whole or part), acting reasonably and setting out reasons, in which case clause \[2.4(b)\] will apply to those rejected parts; or

(iii) requests further information from the Contractor to enable the Employer to properly assess the proposed Net Zero Modification or any part of the Net Zero Modification which has not been approved or rejected, in which case the process under this clause \[2.2(a)\] shall repeat on receipt of such further information by the Employer.

2.3 Approved Net Zero Modification

(a) If the Employer has approved the proposed Net Zero Modification pursuant to clause \[2.2(a)(i)\]:

(i) the Employer must within \[10 Business Days\] of the approval, issue a notice to the Contractor which sets out:

(A) where the Net Zero Modification results in an increase to the Contractor's design or construction costs, the revised \[Contract Sum\] valued as a variation in accordance with clause \[●\] (but not exceeding the amount nominated pursuant to clause \[2.1(g)(i)\]); and

(B) any extension of time required to the date for \[Practical Completion\] (but not exceeding the duration of the extension of time nominated pursuant to clause \[2.1(d)\]); and

(ii) the Contractor may proceed with implementing the approved Net Zero Modification \[within \[●\] Business Days\] of receiving the Employer's approval to proceed, and in any case where any such Net Zero Modification qualifies as a \[variation pursuant to clause \[●\]\] it shall be implemented by the Contractor before the Design Freeze\].

\[*Drafting note: please consider how this clause interacts with the variation provision and the Design Freeze. It is possible that certain Net Zero Modifications can be implemented after the Design Freeze. The parties may therefore wish to consider the impact of implementing Net Zero Modifications at various stages within the project's timeline.*\]

2.4 Rejected Net Zero Modification

The Employer can only reject a proposed Net Zero Modification on one or more of the following grounds:

(a) a delay to the completion of the Works arising from the proposed Net Zero Modification would be material having regard to the overall objectives of the Works and the Net Zero Objectives;

(b) the cost of implementing the Net Zero Modification would increase the cost of carrying out the Works by more than \[●\]% of the Contract Sum;

(c) the Net Zero Modification would adversely affect the quality of the Works (including by reducing the value and/or useful life of the Works) or adversely affect the operation or maintenance of the Works; or

(d) the Net Zero Modification does not comply with applicable legislation.

2.5 If the Employer rejects a proposed Net Zero Modification (in part or whole) under clause \[2.4\] the Contractor \[shall\] if it wants to proceed:

(a) amend the Net Zero Modification Notice to address the Employer's reasons for the rejection, and re-submit the modified Net Zero Modification Notice pursuant to clause \[2.2\], in which case the process for approving or rejecting the Net Zero Modification Notice in clauses \[2.2\] to \[2.4\] will reapply; or

(b) issue a notice of dispute in accordance with clause \[●\].

**3. Climate Impact of Materials**

3.1 The Contractor shall provide to the Employer \[on a monthly basis/ *insert* *frequency*\] all information regarding the climate impact, including the total Embedded Carbon and/or GHG Emissions, of the supply and use of materials and goods which are selected or used in carrying out the Works.

3.2 The Contractor confirms that the total Embedded Carbon of the materials and goods used to construct the Works and GHG Emissions emitted in the construction of the Works and disposal of waste associated with the Works shall not exceed the Carbon Budget.

3.3 In selecting materials, goods, equipment, prefabricated items or systems for use in the Works, the Contractor shall:

(a) before the commencement of the Works, provide a list of the intended manufacturers and suppliers to the Employer along with the climate impacts of the manufacture and transportation of the same to the Site as against the Carbon Budget;

(b) liaise with the Employer with regards to the list of intended manufacturers and suppliers and shall have due regard to the representations of the Employer with regards to the same;

(c) \[use best endeavours to ensure that the materials, goods, equipment, prefabricated items or systems are sourced from manufacturers and suppliers located as close to the Site as reasonably practicable;\]

(d) update the \[Employer\] \[on a monthly basis/ *insert* *frequency*\] with the actual climate impacts of the manufacture and transportation of the materials, goods, equipment, prefabricated items or systems to the Site to date by reference to the levels set out in the list referred to in this clause \[3.3\] and the projected impact of the same for the remainder of the Works assessed against the Carbon Budget.

3.4 The Contractor shall not specify or use in the Works any materials, goods, equipment, prefabricated items or systems which at the time of specification or use are generally considered by construction industry professionals as:

(a) being Deleterious in themselves;

(b) becoming Deleterious when used in a particular situation or in combination with other materials, prefabricated items, equipment or systems;

(c) becoming Deleterious without a level of maintenance which is higher than that which would normally be expected \[in a building/ for an asset\] of comparable type; or

(d) being damaged by or causing damage to the structure in which they are incorporated or to which they are affixed.

3.5 If the Carbon Budget of the Works (excluding Changes\* issued in accordance with clause \[●\]) is exceeded due to a breach by the Contractor \[(or any of its subcontractors or suppliers)\*\*\] of its obligations under this clause \[3\], then liquidated damages at the rate of \[£\[●\]\] per tonne of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent of GHGs over and above the Carbon Budget shall be due and payable from the Contractor to the Employer. Liquidated damages payable under this clause \[3\] represent the reasonable commercial concerns of the Employer \[and its costs of \[offsetting the excess GHG Emissions/ remedying an equivalent breach of the development funding agreement\]\].

\* \[*Drafting note: drafters to check that this term is defined in the main contract. This was taken from* [*Tristan’s Clause*](https://chancerylaneproject.org/model-clauses/construction-materials-green-procurement/) *and was designed to go into the JCT contract so, if required, a definition could be taken from there.*\]

\*\* \[*Drafting note: consider impact on the supply chain. It is important that suppliers are taken into account when dealing with Carbon Budgets.*\]

**4. Net Zero Report**

4.1 The Contractor must provide to the Employer a report on the last day of each \[month/ *insert appropriate time frame*\] before the Design Freeze and thereafter on the last day of each \[quarter/ *insert appropriate time frame*\] that describes conduct or actions taken to satisfy the Net Zero Objectives (**Net Zero Report**), together with the current and up-to-date Contractor's Programme.

4.2 The Contractor shall provide to the Employer a Net Zero Report before the anticipated date of the Design Freeze.

4.3 The Employer must notify the Contractor within \[10 Business Days\] of receiving the Net Zero Report if the Employer:

(a) accepts the Net Zero Report;

(b) considers that the Contractor is not meeting the Net Zero Objectives (in which case the Employer must set out its reasons for reaching this conclusion); or

(c) requests further information from the Contractor to enable the Employer to properly assess the Net Zero Objectives or any part of the Net Zero Objectives that has not been approved or rejected, in which case the process under this clause \[4.3\] shall repeat on receipt of such further information by the Employer.

4.4 If the Employer issues a notice under clause \[4.3(b) or (c)\] the Contractor must promptly comply with the requirements set out in that notice, and within \[10 Business Days\] notify the Employer of the changes which have been implemented, provided always that the Employer shall not be obliged to approve the Design Freeze until it receives a satisfactory Net Zero Report and a revised Contractor's Programme.

4.5 If the Contractor does not comply with this clause \[4\], this will be deemed a \[substantial breach of the Contract\] and the default clause \[●\] will apply.

**5. Practical Completion**

5.1 For the purpose of assessing whether Practical Completion of the Works has been achieved, the Employer shall not issue any \[Practical Completion Statement\]/\[certificate\] to that effect until:

(a) such time as the matters set out in Appendix \[●\]\* of the Employer's Requirements (including the EPC Obligation for the Works) have been met; or

(b) specific agreement has been reached between the Employer and the Contractor to urgently achieve any of the matters set out in Appendix \[●\] of the Employer's Requirements (including the EPC Obligation for the Works) during the course of the Rectification Period, which may include (without limitation):

(i) the Employer requiring the Contractor to undertake remedial works (such remedial works to include, but not be limited to, retrofitting as necessary to achieve the EPC Obligation or (if achievement is not possible) improve the energy performance of the Works),

(ii) provided that the total aggregate costs (excluding VAT) of the remedial works referred to in clause \[5.1(b)(i)\] (which shall be borne by the Contractor) do not exceed \[\[10\]% of the Contract Sum\].

\* \[*Drafting note: the pre-conditions to Practical Completion and deliverables will need to be confirmed on a case by case basis depending on the project.*\]

\[5.2 Without prejudice to clause \[5.1\], if at the \[Target Date for Practical Completion\]\] the MMC Build fails to comply with and/or achieve \[any one or more\] of the Net Zero Objectives as expressly set out in \[●\] of the Employer's Requirements,\* the \[Contract Sum\] shall be reduced by such amount as shall be appropriate to cover the reduced value to the Employer because of this failure (to be agreed by the Parties or ascertained pursuant to clause \[●\]).

(a) Any sums that may be repayable by the Contractor to the Employer under clause \[5.2.(a)\] in respect of such reduced \[Contract Sum\] are payable within \[(20) Business Days\] of the \[expiry of the Rectification Period\].

(b) For the avoidance of doubt, the price adjustment under this clause \[5.2\] represents the reasonable commercial concerns of the Employer \[and the impact on the Employer's built asset for the Contractor's failure to comply with \[any one or more\] Net Zero Objectives as expressly set out in \[●\] of the Employer's Requirements.\*\*\]\]

\* \[*Drafting note: this requires a clear list of objectives/considerations that the parties would have agreed beforehand. The "any one or more" reference is also important as the impact of the price adjustment will need to be considered in the context of the significance of those objectives to the built asset and the asset's operation thereafter.*\]

\*\* \[*Drafting note: check that the Employer’s Requirements refer expressly to the Net Zero Objectives.*\]

5.3 The Employer shall not be required to issue any Certificate of Making Good earlier than the expiry of the Rectification Period and/or before the matters set out in Appendix \[●\] to the Employer's Requirements for such Works have been met.

5.4 Before issuing the \[Practical Completion Statement\] the Contractor shall supply to the Employer provisional operation and maintenance manuals in sufficient detail for the Employer to operate, maintain, dismantle, reassemble, adjust, extend and repair any aspect of the MMC Build. Within 2 (two) months of issuing any \[Practical Completion Statement\], the Contractor shall supply to the Employer the final operation and maintenance manuals in such detail and any other manuals specified in the Employer's Requirements for these purposes. \[*Drafting note: employers may stipulate that issuing the Practical Completion Statement is conditional upon receiving the information listed in this clause.*\]

**6. Site Waste Management**

6.1 The Contractor shall ensure materials are managed efficiently and Waste Materials (which cannot be converted to Diverted Waste) are disposed of in accordance with the \[applicable law/ the Law/ Statutory Requirements \[*Drafting note: align with definitions in the main contract*\]\] and in a way that maximises the prospect of achieving the Employer's Net Zero Target.

6.2 The Contractor shall use best endeavours to minimise any Waste Materials and to turn Waste Materials into Diverted Waste where possible.

6.3 The Contractor shall where possible propose amendments to the Works (but in the case of the MMC Build before the Design Freeze) which, if instructed as a \[Change\], may result in a reduction of Waste Materials in carrying out the Works.

6.4 The Contractor shall undertake the Works in accordance with the Site Waste Management Plan.

6.5 The Contractor shall ensure that the Site Waste Management Plan is kept up to date throughout the Works and where a \[Change\] is instructed the Contractor shall, after consultation with the Employer, update the Site Waste Management Plan where necessary and provide it to the Employer for approval.

6.6 The Contractor shall comply with all applicable waste duty of care criteria including without limitation ensuring that only licensed waste carriers are used and original waste transfer notes are retained for the correct statutory periods according to the nature of the waste and delivered to the Employer on a monthly basis and so that they can be included in the Health and Safety File.

6.7 The Contractor shall provide to the Employer all information that the Employer requests regarding the environmental disposal of Waste Materials (including in respect of its off-site manufacturing facility).

6.8 The Employer shall have a right to access and inspect the Contractor's off-site manufacturing facility and audit its waste disposal processes at any time (but with reasonable notice).

**7. Offsetting**

7.1 Before the \[commencement of the Works\] the Parties shall agree an Offsetting Strategy that aligns \[as far as possible\] with the [Oxford Principles for Net Zero Aligned Carbon Offsetting](https://www.smithschool.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2024-02/Oxford-Principles-for-Net-Zero-Aligned-Carbon-Offsetting-revised-2024.pdf).

7.2 The Parties shall agree the respective shares in which the Parties shall bear the cost of Offsetting.

7.3 Practical Completion shall be conditional upon \[the Contractor/ Parties\] purchasing the offsets in accordance with the Offsetting Strategy referred to in Clause 7.1.

7.4 Within \[\[●\] Business Days\] of \[Practical Completion\] of the Works the \[Parties\]/\[Contractor\] shall calculate the quantity of offsets required to equal the Residual Emissions of the Works.
