# Chinese (Mandarin) — Real Estate Sub-Lexicon

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Chinese (Mandarin) real estate legal terms
to their correct English equivalents.

## Core Real Estate Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 不动产 / 房地产 | real property / real estate |
| 土地 | land |
| 建筑物 / 房屋 | building |
| 住宅 / 住宅物业 | residential property |
| 商业物业 | commercial property |
| 工业物业 | industrial property |
| 土地使用权 | land use right |
| 国有建设用地使用权 | state-owned construction land use right |
| 集体建设用地使用权 | collective construction land use right |
| 宅基地使用权 | homestead land use right |
| 土地出让 | grant of land use right / land grant |
| 土地出让合同 | land grant contract |
| 出让金 / 土地出让金 | land premium / land grant fee |
| 土地使用年限 | land use term |
| 住宅用地 (70年) | residential land (70-year term) |
| 商业用地 (40年) | commercial land (40-year term) |
| 工业用地 (50年) | industrial land (50-year term) |
| 综合用地 (50年) | mixed-use land (50-year term) |
| 不动产登记 / 产权登记 | real property registration |
| 不动产权证书 | real property ownership certificate |
| 不动产登记簿 | real property register |
| 房产证 (旧称) | property ownership certificate (former name) |
| 国有土地使用证 (旧称) | state-owned land use certificate (former name) |
| 房地产转让 / 不动产转让 | transfer of real property |
| 契税 | deed tax |
| 土地增值税 | land appreciation tax |
| 中介费 / 佣金 | brokerage commission / agent's fee |

## Purchase and Sale Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 房屋买卖合同 / 不动产买卖合同 | real estate purchase agreement |
| 卖方 / 转让方 | seller / vendor |
| 买方 / 受让方 | buyer / purchaser |
| 购房价格 / 成交价格 | purchase price |
| 首付款 | down payment |
| 按揭贷款 / 住房贷款 | mortgage loan / housing loan |
| 网签 / 网上签约 | online contract registration |
| 备案 | filing / record |
| 过户 / 产权过户 | transfer of title |
| 交付 / 交房 | delivery / handover |
| 验房 | property inspection |
| 面积差异 / 面积误差 | area discrepancy |
| 质量瑕疵 | defect / quality issue |
| 隐蔽瑕疵 | latent defect |
| 免责条款 | exclusion of warranty |
| 尽职调查 (房地产) | real estate due diligence |

## Security and Encumbrance Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 抵押 (不动产) | mortgage |
| 不动产抵押登记 | registration of mortgage |
| 抵押权 | mortgage right |
| 最高额抵押 | maximum-amount mortgage / floating mortgage |
| 注销抵押登记 | release of mortgage / discharge of mortgage |
| 地役权 / 相邻权 | easement / servitude |
| 用益物权 | usufructuary right |
| 查封 / 司法查封 | attachment / judicial seizure |
| 限制处分 | restriction on disposal |
| 优先购买权 | pre-emption right / right of first refusal |

## Lease and Tenancy Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 房屋租赁合同 | lease / tenancy agreement |
| 商业租赁 | commercial lease |
| 住宅租赁 | residential tenancy |
| 出租人 / 甲方 | landlord / lessor |
| 承租人 / 乙方 | tenant / lessee |
| 租金 | rent |
| 月租金 | monthly rent |
| 租金递增 / 租金调整 | rent escalation / rent review |
| 押金 / 租赁保证金 | security deposit |
| 租赁期限 | lease term |
| 续租 / 续期 | renewal |
| 优先承租权 | preferential right to lease |
| 房屋交付 / 交房 | handover |
| 退租 / 退房 | surrender / vacation |
| 装修 / 租户装修 | tenant fit-out / tenant improvements |
| 恢复原状 | reinstatement / restoration to original condition |
| 物业管理费 | property management fee / service charge |
| 维修维护 | maintenance and repair |

## Planning and Zoning Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 城乡规划 | urban and rural planning |
| 控制性详细规划 (控规) | regulatory detailed plan / zoning plan |
| 修建性详细规划 | constructive detailed plan / site plan |
| 用地性质 / 土地用途 | land use classification |
| 建设用地规划许可证 | construction land planning permit |
| 建设工程规划许可证 | construction project planning permit |
| 施工许可证 | construction permit |
| 竣工验收备案 | completion acceptance filing |
| 容积率 | floor area ratio (FAR) / plot ratio |
| 建筑密度 | building coverage ratio |
| 限高 | height restriction |
| 历史建筑保护 | historic building protection |

## Section Headings

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 标的 / 标的物 | SUBJECT MATTER |
| 价格与支付 | PURCHASE PRICE AND PAYMENT |
| 交付与过户 | DELIVERY AND TRANSFER OF TITLE |
| 产权登记 | PROPERTY REGISTRATION |
| 抵押与限制 | ENCUMBRANCES AND RESTRICTIONS |
| 保证 / 瑕疵担保 | WARRANTIES |
| 租赁条款 | LEASE TERMS |
| 物业管理 | PROPERTY MANAGEMENT / SERVICE CHARGES |
| 一般条款 | MISCELLANEOUS |

## Notes

- **Land ownership in PRC**: All land in China is state-owned (urban) or collectively
  owned (rural). There is no private freehold. What is transferred is the "land use right"
  (土地使用权) for a fixed term. This is the most fundamental distinction from common law
  real estate. Always flag this in translation.
- **"土地出让" vs "土地划拨"**: Land can be obtained through grant (出让, competitive
  bidding — for commercial use) or allocation (划拨, administrative — for public purposes).
  Allocated land cannot be freely transferred. Flag the land use right origin.
- **"不动产统一登记"**: Since 2015, PRC has moved to a unified real property registration
  system replacing separate certificates for land and buildings. The new certificate is
  the 不动产权证书. Translate as "real property ownership certificate".
- **"居住权"**: A new right introduced by the PRC Civil Code (2021) — a right of
  habitation registered in the property register. Non-transferable and non-inheritable.
  Translate as "right of habitation" with note on its recent creation.
- **"公摊面积"**: The allocation of common area to individual units — a significant issue
  in PRC property transactions as it affects the per-square-meter price. Translate as
  "shared area allocation" or "common area allocation".
- **Foreign investment in real estate**: Foreign individuals and entities face restrictions
  on purchasing PRC real estate (residence requirement, own-use limitation). Flag foreign
  investment restrictions in real estate translation.

## Additional PRC Real-Estate Mappings

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 国有土地使用权 | state-owned land-use right |
| 集体土地使用权 | collectively-owned land-use right |
| 划拨土地使用权 | allocated land-use right (granted without consideration — limited transferability) |
| 出让土地使用权 | granted land-use right (granted for consideration — transferable) |
| 70年 / 50年 / 40年 | 70 / 50 / 40-year terms (residential / industrial / commercial) |
| 自动续期 | automatic renewal (residential land-use rights) |
| 国有土地使用权出让合同 | state-owned land-use right grant contract |
| 房地产 | real estate |
| 房屋所有权 | building ownership |
| 房屋 | building / premises |
| 住宅 | residence / dwelling |
| 商品房 | commodity housing |
| 保障性住房 | affordable housing |
| 商品房买卖合同 | commodity housing sale and purchase contract |
| 预售 | pre-sale (sale before construction completion) |
| 商品房预售许可证 | commodity housing pre-sale permit |
| 购房合同 | house purchase contract |
| 网签 | online registration (of real-estate transactions) |
| 预告登记 | advance registration (Art. 221 Civil Code — secures priority before title transfer) |
| 不动产登记 | real-property registration |
| 不动产统一登记 | unified real-property registration (since 2014) |
| 不动产权证 | real-property certificate (combined title certificate since unified registration) |
| 共有 | co-ownership |
| 按份共有 | tenancy in common / pro-rata co-ownership |
| 共同共有 | joint tenancy / undivided co-ownership |
| 业主委员会 | owners' committee |
| 业主大会 | owners' assembly |
| 物业服务合同 | property service contract |
| 公摊面积 | shared area / common area (Chinese-specific — common-part square metres allocated to each unit) |
| 套内建筑面积 | interior building area (non-shared area) |
| 建筑面积 | total building area (interior + shared) |
| 使用面积 | usable area |
| 绿地率 | green-coverage ratio |
| 抵押 | mortgage |
| 抵押登记 | mortgage registration |
| 浮动抵押 | floating charge (expanded by 2021 Civil Code) |
| 居住权 | residence right (新增 2021 Civil Code Art. 366 — limited right to occupy for life/fixed term) |
| 租赁 | lease |
| 住房租赁 | residential lease |
| 商铺租赁 | commercial lease |
| 买卖不破租赁 | "sale does not break lease" rule (Art. 725 Civil Code) |
| 城市房地产管理法 | Urban Real Estate Management Law |
| 城市规划法 / 城乡规划法 | Urban and Rural Planning Law |
| 建设工程施工许可证 | construction project commencement permit |
| 印花税 | stamp duty |
| 房产税 | property tax |
| 耕地占用税 | farmland occupation tax |
| 城镇土地使用税 | urban land-use tax |
| 土地出让金 | land-grant premium |
