# Chinese (Mandarin) — Finance / Banking Sub-Lexicon

> **Scope.** This sub-lexicon covers two closely-related domains in a single per-language file: **Finance & Banking** (primary) and **Trading & Capital Markets**. The two were merged here because their vocabulary overlaps heavily (debt instruments, securities, exchange regulation) and translators typically need both at once. The two cross-language English-reference lexicons remain split: see `references/finance-banking.md` and `references/trading-capital-markets.md` as separate files.


Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Chinese (Mandarin) finance legal terms
to their correct English equivalents.

## Core Finance Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 贷款合同 / 借款合同 | loan agreement / credit agreement |
| 贷款 / 借款 | loan |
| 授信额度 / 信贷额度 | credit facility / credit line |
| 循环信贷额度 | revolving credit facility |
| 定期贷款 | term loan |
| 银团贷款 | syndicated loan / syndicated facility |
| 项目融资 | project finance |
| 借款人 | borrower |
| 贷款人 | lender |
| 代理行 / 贷款代理 | agent / facility agent |
| 担保代理 | security agent |
| 牵头安排行 | mandated lead arranger (MLA) |
| 银团 | banking syndicate / lending syndicate |
| 份额 | tranche |
| 贷款金额 | facility amount / loan amount |
| 提款 / 支用 | drawdown / utilisation (UK) / utilization (US) |
| 先决条件 / 提款前提条件 | conditions precedent (to drawdown) |
| 可用期 | availability period |
| 承诺 | commitment |
| 承诺费 | commitment fee |
| 安排费 | arrangement fee |
| 代理费 | agency fee |
| 利息 | interest |
| 利率 | interest rate |
| 固定利率 | fixed interest rate |
| 浮动利率 | floating interest rate |
| 贷款市场报价利率 (LPR) | Loan Prime Rate (LPR) |
| 利差 / 加点 | margin / spread |
| 计息期 | interest period |
| 逾期利息 / 罚息 | default interest / penalty interest |
| 利息资本化 | capitalisation (UK) / capitalization (US) of interest |

## Repayment and Prepayment Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 还款 / 偿还 | repayment / amortisation (UK) / amortization (US) |
| 还款日 | repayment date |
| 最终到期日 | final maturity date |
| 强制提前还款 | mandatory prepayment |
| 自愿提前还款 | voluntary prepayment |
| 提前还款补偿金 | prepayment penalty / break costs |
| 还款计划 / 还款时间表 | repayment schedule |
| 宽限期 | grace period |
| 分期付款 | payment by instalments (UK) / payment by installments (US) |
| 一次性到期还款 | bullet payment |
| 再融资 | refinancing |

## Security and Guarantee Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 担保 / 担保物 | security / collateral |
| 抵押 (不动产) | mortgage (over real property) |
| 质押 (动产/权利) | pledge (over movables/rights) |
| 股权质押 | share pledge / equity pledge |
| 应收账款质押 | pledge of receivables |
| 债权转让担保 | assignment of receivables by way of security |
| 保证 | guarantee / surety |
| 连带责任保证 | joint and several guarantee |
| 一般保证 | guarantee with benefit of excussion |
| 银行保函 | bank guarantee |
| 独立保函 / 见索即付保函 | on-demand guarantee / independent guarantee |
| 安慰函 | letter of comfort |
| 保证人 | guarantor |
| 所有权保留 | retention of title |
| 债权人间协议 | intercreditor agreement |
| 从属 / 劣后 | subordination |
| 消极担保条款 | negative pledge clause |
| 同等权益条款 | pari passu clause |

## Covenant and Compliance Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 陈述与保证 | representations and warranties |
| 积极义务 / 承诺事项 | affirmative covenants / undertakings |
| 消极义务 / 限制性条款 | negative covenants / restrictive covenants |
| 财务指标 / 财务承诺 | financial covenants |
| 资产负债率 | leverage ratio / debt-to-equity ratio |
| 利息覆盖率 | interest cover ratio |
| 偿债覆盖率 | debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) |
| 交叉违约 | cross-default |
| 重大不利变化 (MAC) | material adverse change (MAC) |
| 加速到期 | acceleration |
| 违约通知 | notice of default |
| 抵销权 | right of set-off |
| 补救期 | cure period / remedy period |
| 合规 | compliance |

## Section Headings

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 定义 | DEFINITIONS |
| 贷款金额及用途 | FACILITY AND PURPOSE |
| 先决条件 | CONDITIONS PRECEDENT |
| 提款 | DRAWDOWN |
| 还款 | REPAYMENT |
| 费用及支出 | FEES AND EXPENSES |
| 担保 | SECURITY |
| 承诺事项 | COVENANTS |
| 违约事件 | EVENTS OF DEFAULT |
| 一般条款 | MISCELLANEOUS |
| 特别约定 | SPECIAL CONDITIONS |
| 争议解决 | DISPUTE RESOLUTION |
| 适用法律 | GOVERNING LAW |

## Notes

- **PRC Civil Code — Security Interests**: The PRC Civil Code (Book II: Property Rights,
  Part IV: Security Interests) governs mortgages (抵押), pledges (质押), and liens (留置).
  The distinction between 抵押 (over real property and certain movables) and 质押 (over
  movables and rights) is fundamental to PRC security law.
- **LPR (贷款市场报价利率)**: The Loan Prime Rate replaced the PBC benchmark lending rate
  as the primary reference rate for RMB loans. Published monthly by the National Interbank
  Funding Center. Flag when translating interest rate provisions.
- **"连带责任保证" vs "一般保证"**: A 连带责任保证 (joint and several guarantee) allows the
  creditor to proceed directly against the guarantor. A 一般保证 (general guarantee with
  benefit of excussion) requires the creditor to first exhaust remedies against the
  principal debtor. Under the PRC Civil Code, the default is 一般保证 (Art. 686).
- **PBOC (中国人民银行)**: The People's Bank of China — the central bank. Reference as
  "People's Bank of China (PBOC)" on first mention.
- **CBIRC / NFRA**: The former China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission (CBIRC)
  was replaced by the National Financial Regulatory Administration (NFRA) in 2023. Use
  the current regulator name.
- **PRC Civil Code — Security Interests (Book II, Part IV)**: The 2021 Civil Code reformed
  PRC security law, including a new movable property security interest registration system
  (unified registration with PBOC) and expanded scope of collateral. Always cite the Civil
  Code rather than the superseded Security Law (担保法).
- **"最高额抵押" / "浮动抵押"**: The PRC Civil Code expanded the scope of the floating charge
  (浮动抵押, Art. 396) — now available for all movable property of enterprises, not just
  specific categories. Translate as "floating charge" with PRC law note.
- **Cross-border lending**: Foreign-currency lending to PRC borrowers is subject to SAFE
  (State Administration of Foreign Exchange) foreign-debt registration; RMB lending from
  offshore is subject to the macro-prudential framework. Always flag the cross-border
  regulatory dimension when translating international loan agreements involving PRC
  borrowers.

## Additional PRC-Specific Security Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 动产抵押 | charge over movables |
| 存单质押 | pledge of certificates of deposit |
| 债权转让 (担保) | security assignment of receivables |
| 最高额抵押 | maximum-amount mortgage |
| 浮动抵押 | floating charge (PRC Civil Code Art. 396 — expanded scope) |
| 留置权 | lien / right of retention (civil-law statutory lien) |

## Regulatory Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 商业银行法 | Commercial Banking Law |
| 中国人民银行法 | People's Bank of China Law |
| 中国人民银行 (央行/PBOC) | People's Bank of China (PBOC) |
| 国家金融监督管理总局 (金监总局/NFRA) | National Financial Regulatory Administration (NFRA) |
| 银行业金融机构 | banking financial institution |
| 非银行金融机构 | non-bank financial institution |
| 银行业务许可 / 金融许可证 | banking licence (UK) / banking license (US) |
| 资本充足率 | capital adequacy ratio |
| 核心一级资本 (CET1) | Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) |
| 一级资本 | Tier 1 capital |
| 二级资本 | Tier 2 capital |
| 流动性要求 | liquidity requirements |
| 大额风险暴露 | large exposure rules |
| 监管报告 / 报送义务 | reporting obligations |
| 反洗钱法 | Anti-Money Laundering Law |
| 洗钱 | money laundering |
| 恐怖融资 | terrorist financing |
| 客户尽职调查 (KYC) | customer due diligence (CDD) / know your customer (KYC) |
| 可疑交易报告 | suspicious transaction report (STR) |
| 制裁筛查 | sanctions screening |
| 风险处置 / 破产 | resolution / insolvency |
| 恢复与处置计划 | recovery and resolution plan |
| 存款保险 | deposit insurance |

## Payment and Account Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 支付服务 | payment service |
| 银行转账 / 电汇 | credit transfer / wire transfer |
| 代扣 / 委托扣款 | direct debit |
| 人民币跨境支付 (CIPS) | Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) |
| 账户协议 | account agreement |
| 活期存款账户 | current account (UK) / checking account (US) |
| 定期存款 | fixed-term deposit / time deposit |
| 托管账户 / 监管账户 | escrow account / trust account |
| 信用证 | letter of credit (L/C) |
| 第三方支付 | third-party payment |
| 移动支付 | mobile payment |

---

## Trading & Capital Markets — Chinese (Mandarin)

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Chinese (Mandarin) trading and capital
markets legal terms to their correct English equivalents.

## Core Capital Markets Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 资本市场 | capital market |
| 货币市场 | money market |
| 证券 | security / securities |
| 证券交易 | securities trading |
| 证券交易所 | stock exchange |
| 上海证券交易所 (上交所) | Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) |
| 深圳证券交易所 (深交所) | Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE) |
| 北京证券交易所 (北交所) | Beijing Stock Exchange (BSE) |
| 主板 | main board |
| 科创板 | STAR Market (Science and Technology Innovation Board) |
| 创业板 | ChiNext / Growth Enterprise Market |
| 新三板 / 全国中小企业股份转让系统 | National Equities Exchange and Quotations (NEEQ) |
| 上市 / 挂牌 | listing |
| 退市 | delisting |
| 招股说明书 / 招股书 | prospectus |
| 发行人 | issuer |
| 投资者 | investor |
| 机构投资者 | institutional investor |
| 散户 / 个人投资者 | retail investor |
| 发行 | issuance / issue |
| 新股发行 / 首次公开发行 (IPO) | initial public offering (IPO) |
| 定向增发 / 非公开发行 | private placement |
| 公开发行 | public offering |
| 认购期 | subscription period |
| 发行价格 | issue price / subscription price |
| 超额认购 | oversubscription |
| 配售 / 分配 | allotment / allocation |

## Equity Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 股票 / 股份 | share (UK) / stock (US) |
| 普通股 | ordinary share (UK) / common stock (US) |
| 优先股 | preference share (UK) / preferred stock (US) |
| A股 (人民币普通股) | A-shares (RMB-denominated domestic shares) |
| B股 (外币普通股) | B-shares (foreign currency-denominated shares) |
| H股 (香港上市) | H-shares (Hong Kong-listed) |
| 红筹股 | red-chip shares |
| 限售股 / 禁售期 | restricted shares / lock-up period |
| 增发 / 增发新股 | secondary offering / follow-on offering |
| 配股 | rights issue |
| 股票分割 | share split / stock split |
| 股利 / 红利 | dividend |
| 股价 | share price / stock price |
| 市盈率 (PE) | price-to-earnings ratio (P/E) |
| 注册制 | registration-based IPO system |
| 核准制 | approval-based IPO system |

## Debt Capital Markets Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 债券 | bond / debt security |
| 公司债券 | corporate bond |
| 企业债券 | enterprise bond |
| 国债 / 政府债券 | government bond / sovereign bond |
| 地方政府债券 | local government bond |
| 可转换公司债券 / 可转债 | convertible bond |
| 短期融资券 / 超短期融资券 | commercial paper / super short-term commercial paper |
| 中期票据 | medium-term note (MTN) |
| 面值 / 票面金额 | nominal value / face value / par value |
| 发行规模 | issue volume |
| 票面利率 | coupon / interest rate |
| 到期日 | maturity date |
| 赎回 / 偿还 | redemption / amortisation (UK) / amortization (US) |
| 提前赎回 | early redemption / call |
| 债券条款 | terms and conditions of the bonds |
| 债券受托管理人 | bond trustee |
| 债券持有人会议 | bondholders' meeting |

## Derivatives and Trading Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 衍生品 / 金融衍生工具 | derivative |
| 期货合约 | futures contract |
| 远期合约 | forward contract |
| 期权 | option |
| 看涨期权 (认购期权) | call option |
| 看跌期权 (认沽期权) | put option |
| 互换 / 掉期 | swap |
| 利率互换 | interest rate swap |
| 货币互换 | currency swap |
| NAFMII主协议 | NAFMII Master Agreement |
| 保证金 | margin |
| 追加保证金 | margin call |
| 平仓 / 终止净额结算 | close-out / netting |
| 市场价值 / 公允价值 | market value / fair value |
| 标的资产 / 基础资产 | underlying / underlying asset |

## Regulatory Terms

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 中国证券监督管理委员会 (证监会/CSRC) | China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) |
| 证券法 | Securities Law |
| 内幕交易 | insider trading / insider dealing |
| 内幕信息 | inside information |
| 信息披露 / 临时公告 | disclosure / ad hoc announcement |
| 权益变动报告 | change of interest report |
| 要约收购 | takeover bid / tender offer |
| 强制要约收购 | mandatory bid |
| 短线交易 | short-swing trading |
| 融资融券 | margin trading and securities lending |
| 卖空 / 融券卖出 | short selling |
| 信息披露义务 | disclosure obligations |
| 投资者适当性 | investor suitability |
| 沪港通 / 深港通 | Stock Connect (Shanghai/Shenzhen-Hong Kong) |
| 合格境外机构投资者 (QFII) | Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor (QFII) |
| 人民币合格境外机构投资者 (RQFII) | RMB Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor (RQFII) |

## Section Headings

| Chinese | English |
|---|---|
| 发行条款 | TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF ISSUE |
| 证券说明 | DESCRIPTION OF THE SECURITIES |
| 风险因素 | RISK FACTORS |
| 发行条件 | TERMS OF THE OFFER |
| 上市交易 | ADMISSION TO TRADING |
| 税务 | TAXATION |
| 认购与销售 | SUBSCRIPTION AND SALE |
| 一般信息 | GENERAL INFORMATION |

## Notes

- **PRC Securities Law (证券法)**: Comprehensively revised in 2019 (effective March 2020).
  Key reforms include the registration-based IPO system, enhanced information disclosure,
  and increased investor protection. Reference as "Securities Law" on first mention.
- **CSRC (证监会)**: The China Securities Regulatory Commission — the primary securities
  regulator. Reference as "China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC)" on first mention.
- **"注册制" (registration-based system)**: China has transitioned from an approval-based
  (核准制) to a registration-based IPO system. This is a fundamental reform affecting
  listing requirements and timelines. Flag the applicable system.
- **"A股" / "H股"**: A-shares are RMB-denominated shares traded on the Shanghai or
  Shenzhen exchanges; H-shares are shares of PRC-incorporated companies listed in Hong
  Kong. The regulatory regimes differ significantly. Keep the designation and explain.
- **NAFMII (中国银行间市场交易商协会)**: The National Association of Financial Market
  Institutional Investors — the self-regulatory body for the interbank bond market.
  The NAFMII Master Agreement is the PRC equivalent of the ISDA Master Agreement.
- **Stock Connect**: The mutual market access programme between mainland China and Hong
  Kong. Enables cross-border investment in eligible shares. Keep as "Stock Connect"
  with the specific programme name (沪港通 / 深港通).
- **QFII/RQFII**: The qualified foreign investor regimes were merged and simplified in
  2020. Foreign institutional investors now access PRC securities markets through a
  unified regime. Flag when translating foreign investment provisions.
