---
name: class-certification-order
title: Order Certifying Class
description: Drafts a federal or state court order certifying a class action under Rule 23. Triggers when formalizing class certification after a granted motion, drafting certification orders, or preparing rulings for appellate review. Covers Rule 23(a) findings, Rule 23(b) analysis, class definition, counsel appointment under Rule 23(g), and notice provisions.
author: CaseMark
author_url: https://github.com/CaseMark/skills/tree/main/skills/legal/class-certification-order
license: Apache-2.0
version: 0.1.0
execution_mode: open
jurisdiction: us
practice: litigation
language: en
tags: [drafting, pleading]
---

# Order Certifying Class

Drafts a court order certifying a class action with appellate-ready analysis and clear administration guidance.

## Prerequisites

1. **Granted certification motion** — docket number, filing date, briefing history
2. **Class definition** — proposed class, any subclasses, class period dates
3. **Evidentiary record** — declarations, expert reports, defendant records on class size and commonality
4. **Named plaintiffs** — identity, claims, adequacy showing
5. **Proposed class counsel** — firm(s), lead attorneys, Rule 23(g) qualifications
6. **Rule 23(b) basis** — (b)(1), (b)(2), or (b)(3)

## Workflow

### 1. Caption & Procedural Recitals

- Standard caption per local rules: court, full case title, civil action number, title "ORDER GRANTING CLASS CERTIFICATION"
- Identify motion (filing date, docket number, movant), procedural history (complaint, amendments, opposition/reply, oral argument), and record reviewed

### 2. Findings of Fact — Rule 23(a)

Each factor requires specific record citations (exhibit numbers, deposition pages, expert declarations):

- **Numerosity** — class size estimate with evidentiary basis; why joinder is impracticable
- **Commonality** — common questions tied to defendant's conduct; identify "common contention" capable of classwide resolution per *Wal-Mart v. Dukes*, 564 U.S. 338 (2011)
- **Typicality** — named plaintiffs share legal theories, facts, and injuries with the class
- **Adequacy** — no conflicts, willingness to serve; counsel has experience, resources, subject-matter knowledge

### 3. Conclusions of Law

**Rule 23(a):** Apply findings to each element with controlling circuit and Supreme Court authority. Key precedent:
- *Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes*, 564 U.S. 338 (2011) — commonality rigor
- *Comcast Corp. v. Behrend*, 569 U.S. 27 (2013) — damages model must match liability theory

**Rule 23(b):**

| Subsection | Required Showing |
|---|---|
| (b)(1) | Separate actions create incompatible standards or impair other members' interests |
| (b)(2) | Defendant acted on grounds generally applicable; injunctive/declaratory relief appropriate |
| (b)(3) | Common questions **predominate** + class action **superior**; address: (i) individual control interests, (ii) existing litigation, (iii) forum desirability, (iv) manageability |

### 4. Certification Order Block

Include:
- **Class certified** — precise definition using objective, administratively feasible criteria; class period; specific exclusions
- **Class representatives** — named plaintiffs appointed by name
- **Class counsel** — appointed pursuant to Rule 23(g) with qualifications stated

### 5. Notice & Administration (Rule 23(b)(3))

- **Form:** direct mail, email, publication, website — "best notice practicable"
- **Content per Rule 23(c)(2)(B):** nature of action, class definition, claims/defenses, right to appear through counsel, right to exclude, binding effect
- **Deadlines:** opt-out and objection dates
- **Claims administrator:** designate if appropriate

### 6. Implementation & Signature

- Order revisable before final judgment under Rule 23(c)(1)(C)
- Case management schedule, class-member communication protocols, opt-out/objection procedures
- Formal signature block: "IT IS SO ORDERED," date, judge name and title

## Pitfalls

- **Class definition must use objective criteria** — no mini-trials for membership determination
- **Rigorous analysis required** — same evidentiary rigor as merits at certification stage (*Wal-Mart*; *Comcast*)
- **Ascertainability** — in circuits requiring it (e.g., Third Circuit), address whether members are identifiable through objective criteria
- **Every factual finding must cite the record** — exhibit numbers, docket entries, deposition pages
- **Subclasses** — apply Rule 23 analysis independently to each
- **Tone** — formal judicial voice; this is a court order, not a brief
- **Consistency** — uniform terminology for parties, class members, class period throughout
- **Local rules** — verify caption format, e-filing requirements, signature block conventions
