# Dutch — NDAs and Service Agreements Sub-Lexicon

Maps Dutch confidentiality and services vocabulary to correct English equivalents.
Covers geheimhoudings- / vertrouwelijkheidsovereenkomsten, and overeenkomsten van
opdracht, aanneming van werk, SLAs, outsourcing, consultancy en managed services.

Dutch NDAs draft around general BW provisions (no statutory NDA regime) plus the Wet
bescherming bedrijfsgeheimen (Trade Secrets Act, 2018) implementing EU Directive
2016/943. Dutch services law distinguishes opdracht (BW 7:400, effort-based),
aanneming van werk (BW 7:750, result-based), and arbeidsovereenkomst (employment) —
each triggers a different Civil Code regime.

See also `dutch-corporate-ma-jv.md` and `dutch-ip-it-technology.md`.

---

## Part 1 — NDAs / Vertrouwelijkheid

### Core NDA Terms

| Dutch | English |
|---|---|
| geheimhoudingsovereenkomst | non-disclosure agreement (NDA) / confidentiality agreement |
| vertrouwelijkheidsovereenkomst | confidentiality agreement |
| non-disclosure agreement (NDA) | non-disclosure agreement (English term used in Dutch practice) |
| eenzijdige NDA | one-way NDA / unilateral NDA |
| wederzijdse NDA / mutuele NDA | mutual NDA / two-way NDA |
| bekendmakende partij | disclosing party |
| ontvangende partij | receiving party |
| vertrouwelijke informatie | confidential information |
| bedrijfsgeheim / handelsgeheim | trade secret (Wet bescherming bedrijfsgeheimen — stronger statutory protection than contractual confidentiality) |
| know-how / knowhowpositie | know-how / know-how position |
| gevoelige informatie | sensitive information |
| commercieel gevoelige informatie | commercially sensitive information |
| proprietary information | proprietary information |
| doel / toegelaten doel | purpose / permitted purpose |
| need-to-know-basis | on a need-to-know basis |
| geheimhoudingsverplichting / vertrouwelijkheidsverplichting | confidentiality obligation |
| verplichting tot niet-openbaarmaking | non-disclosure obligation |
| verplichting tot niet-gebruik | non-use obligation |
| bestuurders, medewerkers en adviseurs | directors, employees and advisers |
| professionele adviseurs | professional advisers |
| dochteronderneming en verbonden onderneming | subsidiaries and affiliates |
| groepsmaatschappijen | group companies (BW 2:24b — definition of groep) |
| financieringspartijen | financing parties |
| back-to-back geheimhouding | back-to-back confidentiality / equivalent flow-down obligations |
| geen garantie ten aanzien van juistheid / volledigheid | no representation or warranty as to accuracy |
| geen bindende verplichting | no binding commitment |
| voorbehoud van intellectuele eigendomsrechten | intellectual property reservation |
| residual information / achtergrondkennis | residuals clause / residual information |
| markering als "vertrouwelijk" | marking requirement |

### Definition of Confidential Information (Dutch-drafting phrasing)

| Dutch | English |
|---|---|
| alle informatie van financiële, commerciële, technische, operationele, juridische of strategische aard | all information of a financial, commercial, technical, operational, legal or strategic nature |
| mondeling of schriftelijk verstrekt | disclosed orally or in writing |
| in welke vorm dan ook | in any form whatsoever |
| als vertrouwelijk aangemerkt | marked as confidential |
| door de omstandigheden als vertrouwelijk te beschouwen | reasonably to be treated as confidential given the circumstances |

### M&A / Transactional NDA Provisions

| Dutch | English |
|---|---|
| standstill | standstill provision |
| non-solicitation / niet-werving | non-solicitation of employees |
| no-hire / niet-indienstneming | no-hire |
| no-contact / geen contact met werknemers | no-contact clause |
| non-circumvention | non-circumvention |
| clean room / clean team | clean room / clean team |
| VDR / virtuele dataroom | data room / virtual data room |
| regels van de dataroom | data room rules |
| exclusiviteitsbeding / onderhandelingsexclusiviteit | exclusivity clause / negotiation exclusivity |
| seller-side NDA / buy-side NDA | seller-side / buy-side NDA |
| non-reliance | non-reliance |

### Exceptions and Exclusions

| Dutch | English |
|---|---|
| uitsluitingen / uitzonderingen / carve-outs | exceptions to confidentiality / exclusions |
| publiekelijk beschikbaar | publicly available information |
| informatie die openbaar is of wordt | information that is or becomes publicly available |
| reeds bekend bij ontvanger | already known to the recipient |
| zonder toedoen van de ontvangende partij | through no fault of the receiving party |
| onafhankelijk ontwikkeld | independently developed |
| rechtmatig verkregen van derden | information received from a third party without restriction |
| zonder geheimhoudingsverplichting | without confidentiality obligation |
| wettelijk verplichte openbaarmaking | disclosure required by law |
| gerechtelijk bevel / rechterlijke uitspraak | order of a court or authority |
| toezichthouderverzoek | regulatory request |
| voorafgaande kennisgeving | prior notice |
| klokkenluider / whistleblower | whistleblowing carve-out |

### Term, Duration and Survival

| Dutch | English |
|---|---|
| looptijd | term |
| geheimhoudingsduur / periode van vertrouwelijkheid | confidentiality period |
| voortdurende geheimhoudingsverplichting | ongoing confidentiality obligation |
| overleving / voortduring van bepalingen | survival of provisions |
| ook na afloop van deze overeenkomst | also after termination of this agreement |
| eeuwigdurende vertrouwelijkheid (voor bedrijfsgeheimen) | perpetual confidentiality (for trade secrets) |
| periode van [X] jaar na beëindiging | period of [X] years after termination (typically 3–5 years commercial; perpetual for trade secrets) |

### Return and Destruction

| Dutch | English |
|---|---|
| retourneren | to return |
| vernietigen | to destroy |
| onomkeerbaar verwijderen | permanently delete / erase |
| certificaat van vernietiging | certificate of destruction |
| op eerste verzoek | upon first request / on demand |
| uitzondering voor back-up-bestanden | back-up / archival exception |
| wettelijke bewaartermijnen | statutory retention periods |

### Remedies and Enforcement

| Dutch | English |
|---|---|
| onherstelbare schade | irreparable harm |
| voorlopige voorziening | preliminary injunction / provisional measure |
| kort geding | preliminary relief proceedings (urgent-relief procedure before voorzieningenrechter) |
| voorzieningenrechter | judge in preliminary relief |
| verbod / rechterlijk verbod | injunction |
| gebod | mandatory order / mandatory injunction |
| dwangsom | penalty payment (court-ordered periodic penalty to enforce compliance) |
| matigingsverbod / geen matiging | no-reduction-of-penalty drafting (cannot override BW 6:94) |
| schadevergoeding | damages / compensation |
| werkelijk geleden schade | actual loss suffered |
| geleden en nog te lijden schade | loss suffered and to be suffered |
| spoedeisend belang | urgent interest (threshold for kort geding) |
| bewijslast | burden of proof |
| aannemelijk maken / aantonen | to make plausible / to prove |

### Trade Secrets (Wet bescherming bedrijfsgeheimen)

| Dutch | English |
|---|---|
| Wet bescherming bedrijfsgeheimen (Wbb) | Trade Secrets Protection Act (2018 — implements EU Directive (EU) 2016/943) |
| bedrijfsgeheim | trade secret (three-part test: secret, commercial value, reasonably protected) |
| geheim karakter | secret character / secrecy |
| commerciële waarde (door geheim karakter) | commercial value (due to secrecy) |
| redelijke maatregelen ter geheimhouding | reasonable steps to maintain secrecy |
| inbreuk / onrechtmatige verkrijging | infringement / unlawful acquisition |
| onrechtmatig gebruik of openbaarmaking | unlawful use or disclosure |
| inbreukmakende goederen | infringing goods |
| verjaring (5 jaar) | limitation period (5 years under Wbb) |
| schadevergoeding en winstafdracht | damages and disgorgement of profits |
| vernietiging of recall | destruction or recall |
| publicatie van de uitspraak | publication of the judgment |

### NDA Section Headings

| Dutch | English |
|---|---|
| DEFINITIES | DEFINITIONS |
| GEHEIMHOUDINGSVERPLICHTINGEN | CONFIDENTIALITY OBLIGATIONS |
| UITZONDERINGEN / UITSLUITINGEN | EXCLUSIONS |
| TOEGESTANE OPENBAARMAKING | PERMITTED DISCLOSURE |
| GEEN GARANTIE | NO REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY |
| INTELLECTUELE EIGENDOM | INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY |
| NON-SOLICITATION | NON-SOLICITATION |
| TERUGGAVE EN VERNIETIGING | RETURN AND DESTRUCTION |
| DUUR / LOOPTIJD | TERM |
| RECHTSMIDDELEN | REMEDIES |
| TOEPASSELIJK RECHT EN FORUMKEUZE | GOVERNING LAW AND JURISDICTION |
| ALGEMENE BEPALINGEN | MISCELLANEOUS |

---

## Part 2 — Service Agreements

### Types of Service Relationship

| Dutch | English |
|---|---|
| overeenkomst van opdracht | services agreement / contract of assignment (BW 7:400 — the main commercial services template) |
| opdrachtgever | principal / client |
| opdrachtnemer | contractor / service provider |
| aanneming van werk | contract for work / construction contract (BW 7:750 — result-oriented) |
| aannemer | contractor (works) (distinct from opdrachtnemer) |
| overeenkomst tot dienstverlening | service agreement |
| service level agreement (SLA) | service level agreement (SLA) |
| managed services overeenkomst | managed services agreement |
| outsourcingsovereenkomst / uitbestedingsovereenkomst | outsourcing agreement |
| onderhoudsovereenkomst | maintenance agreement |
| consultancy-overeenkomst / adviesovereenkomst | consultancy agreement / advisory agreement |
| detacheringsovereenkomst | secondment agreement |
| raamovereenkomst | master services agreement (MSA) / framework agreement |
| nadere opdrachten / werkopdrachten / SOWs | statements of work (SOWs) / work orders |
| subopdrachtovereenkomst / onderaanneming | subcontract / subcontracting agreement |
| onderaannemer / subcontractor | subcontractor |
| zelfstandige zonder personeel (zzp'er) | self-employed person without personnel / freelancer |
| zzp-overeenkomst | freelance agreement / independent contractor agreement |
| modelovereenkomst (Belastingdienst) | model agreement (Wet DBA tax-authority template) |

### Service Scope and Performance

| Dutch | English |
|---|---|
| diensten / dienstverlening | services / service provision |
| dienstomschrijving | scope of services / service description |
| werkzaamheden | activities / work |
| prestatie | performance |
| resultaatsverplichting | obligation of result / result obligation (aanneming van werk type) |
| inspanningsverplichting | best-efforts obligation / obligation of means (opdracht type) |
| zorg van een goed opdrachtnemer | care of a good contractor (BW 7:401 — statutory standard) |
| redelijke bekwaamheid / zorg | reasonable skill and care |
| vakkundig en zorgvuldig | skilful and careful |
| kwalitatieve eisen | quality requirements |
| serviceniveau / SLA | service level / service level agreement |
| service levels | service levels |
| beschikbaarheid / uptime | availability / uptime |
| responsietijd | response time |
| hersteltijd | resolution time / repair time |
| prioriteit / severity / incidentniveau | priority / severity / incident level |
| onderhoudsvenster | maintenance window |
| service credit / servicekorting | service credit |
| kritieke werkzaamheden | critical works / critical services |
| kantoortijden / openingstijden | business hours / office hours |
| 24/7-dienstverlening | 24/7 service |
| helpdesk / klantenservice | help desk / customer service |
| op te leveren prestatie / deliverable | deliverable |
| mijlpaal | milestone |
| indicatoren (KPI) | key performance indicators (KPIs) |
| service level objectives (SLO) | service level objectives (SLOs) |

### Payment and Financial Terms

| Dutch | English |
|---|---|
| vergoeding | fee / consideration |
| uurtarief | hourly rate |
| dagtarief | day rate |
| vaste prijs / lump sum | fixed price / lump sum |
| regie / nacalculatie | time-and-materials |
| cost-plus vergoeding | cost-plus fee |
| maximum / plafond | cap / not-to-exceed amount |
| voorschot / aanbetaling | advance payment / down payment |
| factuur | invoice |
| factuurperiode | invoicing period |
| betalingstermijn | payment term |
| wettelijke rente | statutory interest (BW 6:119 non-commercial / BW 6:119a commercial) |
| handelsrente | commercial interest (BW 6:119a — implements Late Payment Directive) |
| incassokosten | collection costs (BW 6:96 and Wet incassokosten) |
| BTW / omzetbelasting | VAT / turnover tax |
| reiskosten / onkosten | travel expenses / out-of-pocket expenses |
| onkostenvergoeding | expenses reimbursement |
| prijsindexatie | price indexation (commonly CBS CPI) |
| verrekening | set-off (BW 6:127) |
| benchmarking / benchmarkherziening | benchmark review |
| performance bonus | performance bonus |

### Acceptance and Handover

| Dutch | English |
|---|---|
| acceptatie / oplevering | acceptance |
| acceptatiecriteria | acceptance criteria |
| acceptatietest | acceptance testing |
| proefperiode / pilotfase | trial period / pilot period |
| stilzwijgende acceptatie / geacht geaccepteerd | deemed acceptance |
| afwijzing | rejection |
| herstel / hernieuwde prestatie | rework / cure / repeated performance |
| overdracht / overname | handover |
| transitieplan | transition plan |
| transitie-in / onboarding | on-boarding / transition-in |
| transitie-uit / offboarding | off-boarding / transition-out / exit assistance |
| exit-clausule / transitiebijstand | exit plan / disengagement plan |

### Operational and Obligation Terms

| Dutch | English |
|---|---|
| helpdesk / service desk | help desk / service desk |
| ticket / incidentmelding | ticket / service request |
| incident | incident |
| probleem | problem |
| escalatie | escalation |
| periodiek rapport / servicerapport | periodic report / service report |
| evaluatiebijeenkomst | review meeting |
| contractgovernance | contract governance |
| contractmanager | contract manager |
| contactpersoon | point of contact |
| bestuurlijke overleg / stuurgroep | steering committee / governance committee |
| change advisory board (CAB) | change advisory board |
| wijzigingsprocedure / change request | change request procedure |
| sleutelpersoneel | key personnel |
| step-in rights / interventierechten | step-in rights |
| audit- en inspectierechten | audit and inspection rights |

### Term, Termination and Notice

| Dutch | English |
|---|---|
| aanvangsdatum | start date / effective date |
| bepaalde tijd / onbepaalde tijd | fixed term / indefinite term |
| initiële looptijd | initial term |
| verlenging | renewal |
| stilzwijgende verlenging | automatic renewal (avoid "tacit renewal") |
| opzegging voor het verlopen van de looptijd | notice of non-renewal |
| opzegging | termination on notice (BW 7:408 — opdrachtgever may terminate at any time; opdrachtnemer more restricted) |
| opzegtermijn | notice period |
| opzeggen met onmiddellijke ingang | terminate with immediate effect |
| opzegging om redenen van bedrijfsvoering | termination for convenience |
| buitengerechtelijke ontbinding | extrajudicial rescission |
| ontbinding wegens tekortkoming | rescission for breach (BW 6:265) |
| wezenlijke tekortkoming | material breach |
| ingebrekestelling / hersteltermijn | cure period / notice of default |
| redelijke opzegtermijn | reasonable notice period (implied in long-term relational contracts — Latour/De Bruijn case law) |
| beëindiging wegens gewichtige reden | termination for compelling reason |
| ontbinding met terugwerkende kracht | rescission with retroactive effect |
| ongedaanmakingsverplichtingen | restitution obligations (upon rescission) |
| wijziging van zeggenschap | change of control |
| overmacht | force majeure |

### Liability, Warranties, Indemnities

| Dutch | English |
|---|---|
| aansprakelijkheid uit overeenkomst | contractual liability |
| aansprakelijkheid uit onrechtmatige daad | tort liability (BW 6:162) |
| aansprakelijkheidsbeperking | limitation of liability |
| aansprakelijkheidsplafond | liability cap |
| uitsluiting van aansprakelijkheid | exclusion of liability |
| exoneratiebeding | exemption clause / exoneration clause |
| opzet en bewuste roekeloosheid | intent and conscious recklessness (Dutch courts will not uphold exonerations for this — BW 6:248(2)) |
| grove schuld | gross negligence |
| directe schade | direct damage |
| gevolgschade / indirecte schade | consequential / indirect damage |
| gederfde winst | loss of profit |
| bedrijfsschade / bedrijfsstagnatieschade | business interruption loss |
| reputatieschade | reputational damage |
| vertragingsboete | delay penalty |
| boete / contractuele boete | liquidated damages / contractual penalty (BW 6:91 — may be reduced by court, BW 6:94) |
| matiging van boete | reduction of penalty |
| vrijwaring | indemnity |
| vrijwaring voor claims van derden | indemnity for third-party claims |
| garantie | warranty |
| garantieperiode | warranty period |
| aansprakelijkheidsverzekering / beroepsaansprakelijkheidsverzekering | public liability / professional indemnity insurance |
| cyberaansprakelijkheidsverzekering | cyber liability insurance |

### Intellectual Property in Service Contracts

| Dutch | English |
|---|---|
| intellectuele eigendomsrechten (IE-rechten) | intellectual property rights (IPRs) |
| achtergrond-IP | background IP |
| voorgrond-IP / resultaat-IP | foreground IP / result IP |
| werkgeversauteursrecht | employer copyright / work-made-for-hire (Auteurswet Art. 7) |
| maakrecht / inhuur | made-for-hire in services (no automatic transfer to opdrachtgever — express assignment required) |
| licentie / gebruiksrecht | licence / right of use |
| niet-exclusieve / exclusieve licentie | non-exclusive / exclusive licence |
| royaltyvrij | royalty-free |
| licentie-terug | licence-back |
| morele rechten / persoonlijkheidsrechten | moral rights (Auteurswet Art. 25 — limited waivability) |
| afstand van morele rechten | waiver of moral rights |
| overdracht van IE-rechten | assignment of IPRs (requires written deed — Auteurswet Art. 2) |

### Data Protection, Confidentiality and Security

| Dutch | English |
|---|---|
| AVG / algemene verordening gegevensbescherming | GDPR |
| verwerker / verwerkingsverantwoordelijke | processor / controller |
| verwerkersovereenkomst | data processing agreement (DPA) / processor agreement (required under AVG Art. 28) |
| subverwerker | sub-processor |
| TOM / technische en organisatorische maatregelen | technical and organisational measures |
| datalek | data breach |
| meldplicht datalekken | data breach notification duty (to AP within 72 hours) |
| doorgifte aan derde landen | transfers to third countries |
| standaardcontractbepalingen (SCC) | standard contractual clauses (SCCs) |
| geheimhouding | confidentiality |
| bedrijfsgevoelige informatie | commercially sensitive information |
| informatiebeveiliging | information security |
| ISO 27001 / NEN 7510 | ISO 27001 / NEN 7510 (Dutch healthcare-specific) |
| beveiligingsincident | security incident |

### Outsourcing-Specific Concepts

| Dutch | English |
|---|---|
| uitbesteding / outsourcing | outsourcing |
| inbesteding / insourcing | insourcing |
| reverse outsourcing / terugname | reverse outsourcing / return |
| overgang van onderneming (BW 7:662) | transfer of undertaking (Dutch implementation of Directive 2001/23/EC / TUPE) |
| TUPE-achtige overgang | TUPE-type transfer |
| EBA-richtsnoeren uitbesteding | EBA outsourcing guidelines |
| flow-down / doorgeleiding van verplichtingen | flow-down |

### Payrolling and ZZP / Contingent Workforce

| Dutch | English |
|---|---|
| Wet DBA (Wet deregulering beoordeling arbeidsrelaties) | Deregulation of Assessment of Employment Relationships Act |
| Wet VBAR (proposed) | Act on Clarification of Assessment of Employment Relationships (proposed successor to Wet DBA) |
| schijnzelfstandigheid | sham self-employment |
| fictief dienstverband | deemed employment / fictitious employment |
| gezagsverhouding | relationship of authority (key test for employment vs self-employment) |
| inbeddingscriterium | embedding criterion (new criterion under Wet VBAR) |
| payrollovereenkomst | payroll agreement |
| payrollwerkgever | payroll employer |
| uitzendovereenkomst | temporary agency contract (BW 7:690 — ABU/NBBU CAOs apply) |
| detachering | secondment / outposting |
| ZZP'er / zelfstandige | self-employed person / freelancer |

### Service Agreement Section Headings

| Dutch | English |
|---|---|
| ONDERWERP / DOEL | PURPOSE / SCOPE |
| OMVANG VAN DE DIENSTEN | SCOPE OF SERVICES |
| VERGOEDING EN BETALING | FEES AND PAYMENT |
| DUUR EN BEËINDIGING | TERM AND TERMINATION |
| VERPLICHTINGEN VAN DE DIENSTVERLENER | PROVIDER'S OBLIGATIONS |
| VERPLICHTINGEN VAN DE KLANT | CLIENT'S OBLIGATIONS |
| TRANSITIE / EXIT | HANDOVER / TRANSITION |
| VERZEKERING | INSURANCE |
| ONDERAANNEMING | SUBCONTRACTING |
| GEGEVENSBESCHERMING | DATA PROTECTION |
| AANSPRAKELIJKHEID | LIABILITY / LIMITATION OF LIABILITY |

---

## Notes

### NDA-specific
- **Geheimhoudingsovereenkomst vs vertrouwelijkheidsovereenkomst**: Essentially
  interchangeable in Dutch legal drafting. Both translate to "non-disclosure agreement"
  or "confidentiality agreement". The former is slightly more formal/common.
- **Wet bescherming bedrijfsgeheimen (Wbb)**: Dutch trade secrets regime from 2018
  implementing the EU directive. Gives remedies beyond mere contractual confidentiality
  — injunctions, damages, destruction of infringing goods, publicity. An NDA builds on
  this floor. Always flag trade-secret-level material and note Wbb backstop.
- **Kort geding**: Fast-track preliminary relief proceedings before the
  voorzieningenrechter. Distinctive feature of Dutch civil procedure — can be obtained
  within days. Common NDA enforcement route. Translate as "preliminary relief
  proceedings" with gloss if needed.
- **Dwangsom vs boete**: dwangsom is a court-ordered periodic penalty (e.g., EUR 10,000
  per day of non-compliance) to enforce compliance with a court order; boete is a
  contractual penalty set in the NDA itself. Two different enforcement mechanisms —
  distinguish in translation.
- **Matiging van boete**: Under BW 6:94, a court may reduce a contractual penalty if
  "the requirements of fairness manifestly require so". Cannot be contracted out.
- **Onherstelbare schade / irreparable harm**: Common-law framing imported into Dutch
  drafting — useful rhetorically but Dutch judges in kort geding apply their own
  urgent-relief standard (spoedeisend belang).
- **Residual information clause**: A contentious clause allowing recipients to use
  information retained in personnel's unaided memory. Common in US drafting; Dutch
  courts and advisers often reject as inconsistent with trade secret protection.
- **Groep / groepsmaatschappijen**: Defined in BW 2:24b — economic unity under central
  leadership. Different from US "affiliate" which is based on 50%+ control. Dutch
  drafting often uses dochteronderneming (BW 2:24a) OR verbonden onderneming. Check
  definitions.
- **Non-reliance**: Under BW 7:17 and good-faith doctrine, non-reliance clauses are
  effective but not absolute — a seller who knowingly provides false information
  cannot hide behind non-reliance.

### Service-agreement-specific
- **Opdracht vs aanneming van werk**: Fundamental Dutch distinction. Opdracht
  (BW 7:400) = services, effort-based (inspanningsverplichting); aanneming van werk
  (BW 7:750) = construction/making of tangible work, result-based
  (resultaatsverplichting). Different default rules on payment, termination, warranty.
  Always identify which regime applies — preserve the Dutch term with English gloss if
  ambiguous.
- **Inspanningsverplichting vs resultaatsverplichting**: Core civil-law distinction.
  Best-efforts vs result-based obligation. Never flatten to "obligation to perform".
  Affects liability, damages, burden of proof.
- **BW 7:408 — termination of opdracht**: The opdrachtgever can terminate an opdracht
  at any time; the opdrachtnemer can only terminate for compelling reasons. This
  asymmetry is often modified by contract — flag in translation.
- **Redelijke opzegtermijn**: Even without a contractual notice clause, Dutch courts
  imply reasonable notice for long-term commercial relationships (Latour/De Bruijn
  case law). Do not assume the contract text is exhaustive.
- **Wet DBA / Wet VBAR**: Dutch regime on distinguishing employees from freelancers
  — particularly relevant when drafting service agreements with individuals.
  Enforcement was suspended for years; resumed gradually 2024–2025; new law (Wet VBAR)
  in preparation. Flag self-employment arrangements for user review.
- **Modelovereenkomst (DBA)**: Tax-authority vetted template for freelance engagements.
  Translate as "model agreement (DBA)" with gloss.
- **Verwerkersovereenkomst**: Required under GDPR Art. 28. Translate as "data
  processing agreement" or "processor agreement".
- **Overgang van onderneming (BW 7:662)**: Dutch implementation of the EU Transfer of
  Undertakings Directive. Applicable on outsourcing transitions. Employees
  automatically transfer with their terms. Translate as "transfer of undertaking" with
  cross-reference to TUPE or Directive 2001/23/EC.
- **Service credit**: Reduction in fees for missed service levels — distinct from
  damages. Market practice is to make service credits the "sole and exclusive remedy"
  for performance failures, subject to exclusions. Preserve English term.
- **Exoneratiebeding**: Exemption clause. Under BW 6:248(2), unenforceable to the
  extent it would be "onaanvaardbaar naar maatstaven van redelijkheid en billijkheid"
  — cannot exclude liability for opzet (intent) or bewuste roekeloosheid (conscious
  recklessness).
- **Zorg van een goed opdrachtnemer**: Statutory standard in BW 7:401 — "the care of
  a good contractor". Often supplemented contractually.
- **Werkgeversauteursrecht (Auteurswet Art. 7)**: Employer owns copyright in works
  created by an employee in the course of employment. Does NOT extend to
  freelancers/opdrachtnemers — express assignment needed. Critical for services
  agreements involving creative work.
- **Morele rechten**: Dutch moral rights (attribution, integrity) are only partially
  waivable. Full waiver of paternity right is not effective.
- **Belgian NDAs and services agreements**: Belgian drafting practices parallel Dutch;
  Belgian trade secret law also implements the EU Directive. Belgian procedure for
  urgent relief is via "kortgeding" too (same term in Belgian Dutch). Belgian
  services law mirrors Dutch in many respects but uses different Code provisions
  (Belgian Civil Code reformed 2023). Belgian courts are more willing to imply
  good-faith duties in commercial relationships. Flag Belgian documents for
  cross-check.
