# Dutch — Energy & Infrastructure Sub-Lexicon

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Dutch energy, infrastructure, EPC/turnkey
construction, O&M, concession, grid, and renewable energy terms to their correct English
equivalents. Covers Dutch-law EPC (aanneming van werk under BW 7:750), PPAs, SDE++ regime,
grid code, offshore wind, heating networks, and broader infrastructure concession law.

## EPC / Construction Core Terms

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| EPC-overeenkomst / turnkey-overeenkomst | EPC contract / turnkey contract | |
| aannemingsovereenkomst | construction / works agreement | BW 7:750 — contract of works (aanneming van werk) |
| aanneming van werk | contract for works | BW 7:750–764 |
| opdrachtgever / aanbesteder | employer / contracting authority | |
| opdrachtgever | principal | In BW 7:750 terminology |
| aannemer | contractor | |
| hoofdaannemer | main contractor / general contractor | |
| onderaannemer | subcontractor | |
| onderaanneming | subcontracting | |
| co-aannemer | co-contractor / consortium member | |
| aanbesteding | tender / procurement | |
| gegunde opdracht | awarded contract | |
| inschrijver | tenderer / bidder | |
| design-build-overeenkomst | design-build contract | |
| ontwerp, bouw en onderhoud / DBO | design, build and maintain / DBM | |
| DBFM / DBFMO | DBFM / DBFMO | Design, Build, Finance, Maintain (+ Operate) — PPP format |
| publiek-private samenwerking (PPS) | public-private partnership (PPP) | |
| UAV-GC 2005 | UAV-GC 2005 | Uniform administrative conditions for integrated contracts — Dutch standard for EPC/design-build |
| UAV 2012 | UAV 2012 | Uniform administrative conditions for traditional construction |
| UAV-TI | UAV-TI | Technical installations version |
| DNR 2011 | DNR 2011 | Dutch standard for architectural/engineering services |
| FIDIC Yellow/Silver Book | FIDIC Yellow / Silver Book | Often used in international Dutch contracts |

## Design, Engineering and Permits

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| ontwerpverantwoordelijkheid | design responsibility | |
| Functioneel Programma van Eisen (PvE) | functional specification / program of requirements | |
| Vraagspecificatie | requirements specification | UAV-GC concept |
| Outputspecificatie | output specification | Common in DBFM |
| prestatie-eisen | performance requirements | |
| technische specificaties | technical specifications | |
| haalbaarheidsstudie | feasibility study | |
| schetsontwerp (SO) | sketch design / concept design | |
| voorontwerp (VO) | preliminary design | |
| definitief ontwerp (DO) | final design | |
| technisch ontwerp (TO) | technical design | |
| uitvoeringsontwerp (UO) | execution design / construction design | |
| werktekeningen | working drawings / shop drawings | |
| as-built tekeningen | as-built drawings | |
| revisietekeningen | revision drawings | |
| vergunningen | permits | |
| omgevingsvergunning | environmental and planning permit | Under Omgevingswet (2024) — consolidated permit |
| Wabo-vergunning (historisch) | Wabo permit | Superseded by Omgevingswet |
| bouwvergunning | building permit | Part of omgevingsvergunning |
| natuurvergunning | Natura 2000 permit / nature permit | Under Wet natuurbescherming / Omgevingswet |
| watervergunning | water permit | Under Waterwet / Omgevingswet |
| milieueffectrapportage (MER / m.e.r.) | environmental impact assessment / EIA | |
| omgevingsplan | environmental plan | Post-Omgevingswet — replaces zoning plans |
| bestemmingsplan (historisch) | zoning plan | Superseded by omgevingsplan |

## Commissioning and Acceptance

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| oplevering | delivery / handover / taking-over | Critical concept under BW 7:758 — transfers risk and starts warranty period |
| voorlopige oplevering | preliminary delivery / provisional acceptance | |
| definitieve oplevering | final delivery / final acceptance | |
| opleveringsdatum | delivery date / taking-over date | |
| opleveringsrapport / proces-verbaal van oplevering | delivery report / taking-over certificate | |
| restpunten / opleverpunten | snag list / punch list | |
| tekortkomingen / gebreken | defects | |
| verborgen gebrek | hidden / latent defect | |
| zichtbaar gebrek | apparent defect | |
| onderhoudstermijn / garantieperiode | maintenance period / defects liability period | |
| waarschuwingsplicht | duty to warn | BW 7:754 — contractor must warn employer of errors in specifications |
| ingebruikname / inbedrijfstelling | commissioning / putting into service | |
| commissioning | commissioning | |
| proefdraaien | test run / trial operation | |
| prestatietests / performancetests | performance tests | |
| proefbedrijf | trial operation | |
| acceptatietest / acceptatieprocedure | acceptance test / acceptance procedure | |
| COD — commercial operation date | commercial operation date / COD | |
| verlengde garantieperiode | extended warranty period | |
| nabezorging / nagekomen oplevering | late delivery | |
| meer- en minderwerk | variations (plus and minus works) | UAV concept |
| bestekwijziging | bill-of-specifications change | |
| bouwvertraging | construction delay | |

## Financial Terms (EPC)

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| aanneemsom | contract price / contract sum | |
| vaste prijs | fixed price | |
| lump-sum / vaste aanneemsom | lump sum | |
| eenheidsprijs | unit price | |
| nacalculatie / regie | cost-plus / time and materials | |
| termijnbetalingen | installment payments / progress payments | |
| betalingsschema | payment schedule | |
| mijlpaalbetalingen | milestone payments | |
| factureringsmijlpalen | invoicing milestones | |
| inhoudingspercentage / retentie | retention | |
| bankgarantie | bank guarantee | |
| uitvoeringszekerheid | performance bond / performance guarantee | |
| onderhoudszekerheid | maintenance bond | |
| voorschotbankgarantie | advance payment bond | |
| 5% retentie tot einde onderhoudstermijn | 5% retention until end of maintenance period | |
| verzekeringen (CAR) | Contractors' All Risks insurance / CAR insurance | |

## Program and Time

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| planning / uitvoeringsplanning | program / construction schedule | |
| kritieke pad | critical path | |
| mijlpalen | milestones | |
| einddatum / bouwtijd | completion date / construction period | |
| vertraging | delay | |
| tijdsverlenging / claimperiode | extension of time / EoT | |
| overmacht | force majeure | BW 6:75 — narrower than French force majeure |
| vertragingsboete | delay liquidated damages | |
| liquidated damages per week | liquidated damages per week | |
| maximum LD / gecapte LD | capped liquidated damages | |
| vrijwaring van LD bij overmacht | LD exclusion on force majeure | |

## Site and Works

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| bouwterrein / werkterrein | site / construction site | |
| werkzaamheden | works | |
| werkplan | method statement | |
| V&G-plan (veiligheids- en gezondheidsplan) | health and safety plan | Arbowet / Bouwproces Arbobesluit requirement |
| Arbowet | Working Conditions Act | |
| Wet kwaliteitsborging voor het bouwen (Wkb) | Building Quality Assurance Act | 2024 — shifts quality control to private quality inspectors |
| kwaliteitsborger | quality assurance inspector / Wkb inspector | |
| bodemonderzoek | soil investigation | |
| archeologisch onderzoek | archaeological investigation | |
| Kabels en Leidingen Informatie Centrum (KLIC) | underground utilities information system | KLIC-melding obligation before excavation |
| stikstofdepositie | nitrogen deposition | Major permitting constraint in NL since 2019 — "Stikstofcrisis" |
| programma aanpak stikstof (PAS) | nitrogen approach program | Historical — struck down by Council of State in 2019 |
| AERIUS-berekening | AERIUS calculation | Required nitrogen-deposition modeling |

## O&M and Asset Management

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| onderhoudsovereenkomst | maintenance agreement / O&M agreement | |
| operations & maintenance (O&M) | operations and maintenance / O&M | |
| preventief onderhoud | preventive maintenance | |
| correctief onderhoud | corrective maintenance | |
| conditie-onderhoud | condition-based maintenance | |
| keerbare levensduur | replaceable service life | |
| beschikbaarheidsgarantie | availability guarantee / availability warranty | |
| equivalent availability factor (EAF) | equivalent availability factor | |
| capaciteitsgarantie | capacity guarantee | |
| warmtetarief-onderhoud | heat tariff maintenance | Heating networks |
| asset management | asset management | |
| beheer en onderhoud (B&O) | operation and maintenance | |

## Energy-Specific Terms

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| energiewet / Energiewet (2025) | Energy Act | New consolidated Dutch Energy Act (2025); replaces Elektriciteitswet 1998 and Gaswet |
| Elektriciteitswet 1998 | Electricity Act 1998 | Historical; being replaced by Energiewet |
| Gaswet | Gas Act | Historical; being replaced by Energiewet |
| Warmtewet | Heat Act | |
| Wet collectieve warmtevoorziening (Wcw) | Collective Heat Supply Act | Proposed successor to Warmtewet |
| Mijnbouwwet | Mining Act | Offshore wind, geothermal, oil/gas, salt |
| producent | producer | |
| leverancier | supplier | |
| vergunninghouder | license holder | |
| vergunning (Energiewet) | license / permit (Energy Act) | |
| netbeheerder | grid operator / network operator | TenneT (transmission), regional DSOs (Stedin, Liander, Enexis) |
| transportnetbeheerder (TSO) | transmission system operator / TSO | TenneT |
| distributienetbeheerder (DSO) | distribution system operator / DSO | |
| aansluiting op het net | grid connection | |
| aansluitovereenkomst | connection agreement | |
| transportovereenkomst | transport agreement | |
| aansluit- en transportovereenkomst (ATO) | connection and transport agreement | |
| transportbeperkingen / congestie | congestion / transport constraints | Major constraint on Dutch grid |
| congestiebeheer | congestion management | |
| congestiemanagementovereenkomst | congestion management agreement | |
| contractvermogen | contracted capacity | |
| gecontracteerd vermogen / GTV | contracted transmission capacity | |
| capaciteitstarief | capacity tariff | |
| aansluit- en transportkosten | connection and transport charges | |

## Offtake / PPA

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| afnameovereenkomst | offtake agreement | |
| stroomleveringsovereenkomst / PPA | power purchase agreement / PPA | |
| corporate PPA / bedrijfsPPA | corporate PPA | |
| fysieke PPA | physical PPA | |
| virtuele / financiële PPA | virtual / financial PPA | |
| pay-as-produced | pay-as-produced | |
| baseload PPA | baseload PPA | |
| peak / off-peak | peak / off-peak | |
| garanties van oorsprong (GvO) | guarantees of origin / GoOs | Certify renewable-generated electricity |
| CertiQ | CertiQ | Dutch GoO issuer |
| onbalans / onbalansprijs | imbalance / imbalance price | |
| onbalansvergoedingen | imbalance charges | |
| balanceringsverantwoordelijke partij (BRP) | balancing responsible party | |
| programmaverantwoordelijkheid | program responsibility | |
| marktafname | market offtake | |
| APX / ENDEX / EPEX Spot | APX / ENDEX / EPEX Spot | Dutch/Belgian power exchanges |
| dag-vooruit-markt | day-ahead market | |
| onbalansmarkt | imbalance / balancing market | |
| onbalansregeling | imbalance settlement | |

## Support Mechanisms (Renewables)

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| SDE++ | SDE++ | Stimulering Duurzame Energieproductie en Klimaattransitie — main Dutch subsidy |
| SDE+ (historisch) | SDE+ | Pre-2020 version |
| basisbedrag | base amount | SDE++ subsidy parameter |
| correctiebedrag | correction amount | Market price correction |
| subsidiebeschikking | subsidy decision / award decision | |
| RVO (Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland) | Netherlands Enterprise Agency | SDE++ administrator |
| SDE++-openstelling | SDE++ round | Annual tender-style opening |
| ISDE | ISDE — Investment Subsidy Sustainable Energy | For heat pumps, solar collectors |
| Klimaatakkoord | Climate Agreement | 2019 Dutch Climate Agreement |
| Klimaatwet | Climate Act | 2019 — 49% reduction 2030, 95% 2050 |
| Regionale Energiestrategie (RES) | Regional Energy Strategy | Regional renewable deployment plans |
| Europese ETS / EU ETS | EU Emissions Trading System | |
| CO2-heffing industrie | Dutch industrial CO2 levy | |

## Renewable Energy

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| windenergie op zee / offshore wind | offshore wind | |
| Windenergiegebied | wind energy area | Zones for offshore wind |
| Wet windenergie op zee (Wwoz) | Offshore Wind Energy Act | |
| kavel (offshore wind) | plot (offshore wind) | |
| kavelbesluit | plot decision | Permit for specific offshore wind zone |
| net op zee / NOZ | offshore grid | TenneT-operated offshore transmission |
| windenergie op land | onshore wind | |
| windturbine / windmolen | wind turbine | |
| zonneparken / zonneweides | solar parks / solar fields | |
| zon-op-dak / zon-op-daksysteem | rooftop solar | |
| grootschalige zon-PV | utility-scale solar PV | |
| thermische zonne-energie | solar thermal | |
| biomassa / biogas | biomass / biogas | |
| waterstof | hydrogen | |
| groene waterstof | green hydrogen | |
| blauwe waterstof | blue hydrogen | |
| waterstofinfrastructuur | hydrogen infrastructure | |
| geothermie | geothermal energy | |
| aardwarmte | geothermal heat | |
| warmtepomp | heat pump | |
| warmtenet / stadsverwarming | heat network / district heating | |
| warmtelevering | heat supply | |
| restwarmte | residual heat | |
| aquathermie | aquathermal | |
| CCS (CO2-opslag) | carbon capture and storage | |
| Porthos / Aramis | Porthos / Aramis | Dutch CCS projects |

## Concession and Infrastructure

| Dutch | English | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| concessie | concession | |
| concessiehouder | concessionaire | |
| concessieverlener | grantor / grantor authority | |
| concessieovereenkomst | concession agreement | |
| openbaarvervoerconcessie | public transport concession | Regulated by Wp2000 |
| Wet personenvervoer 2000 (Wp2000) | Personal Transport Act 2000 | |
| spoorconcessie | railway concession | |
| havengebruikscontract | port use agreement | |
| Rijkswaterstaat | Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management | |
| ProRail | ProRail | Dutch rail infrastructure manager |
| gronduitgifte | land allocation / land release | |
| erfpacht | long lease / leasehold | BW 5:85 — ground lease; common in Dutch real estate |
| opstalrecht | right of superficies | BW 5:101 — ownership of structures above/below land owned by another |
| mandeligheid | co-ownership of boundary walls | |

## Notes for Translators

- **Aanneming van werk (BW 7:750)**: The Dutch-law name for a construction/works contract. Translate as "contract for works" or in EPC context "EPC contract". Distinguish from "opdracht" (services, BW 7:400).
- **Oplevering**: Critical concept. Under BW 7:758, oplevering marks (a) transfer of risk, (b) start of defects liability period, (c) payment of final installment/release of retention. Two-stage oplevering (voorlopig + definitief) is market standard for EPC. Translate as "delivery" or "taking-over" depending on audience (construction specialists prefer "taking-over"; general commercial "delivery").
- **Waarschuwingsplicht**: Contractor's duty to warn under BW 7:754 — contractor must warn the employer of errors in specifications or designs provided by the employer. Common source of disputes. Translate as "duty to warn" and flag where disclaimed.
- **UAV-GC 2005 / UAV 2012**: Dutch standard general conditions. UAV 2012 = traditional (bouwteam/design-bid-build); UAV-GC 2005 = integrated contracts (design-build, EPC). These are incorporated by reference in most Dutch construction agreements. Translate names literally ("Uniform Administrative Conditions"); preserve abbreviation.
- **Omgevingswet**: The new consolidated Dutch environmental and planning law in force from 1 January 2024. It replaces 26 separate laws including the Wabo, Crisis- en herstelwet, Wet ruimtelijke ordening, etc. Translate as "Environment and Planning Act" or keep "Omgevingswet" with gloss. Post-2024 permits go through the omgevingsvergunning.
- **Stikstof / stikstofcrisis**: After the 2019 Raad van State ruling striking down the PAS, nitrogen deposition has become a major permitting bottleneck. AERIUS calculations and additional mitigation are typical for infrastructure permits. Flag in translations of permit strategies or project timelines.
- **SDE++**: Dutch renewable and carbon reduction subsidy regime. Main support mechanism for renewable power, heat, CCS, hydrogen. Translate as "SDE++" (Stimulering Duurzame Energieproductie en Klimaattransitie) or "renewable energy production subsidy". Administered by RVO.
- **Energiewet (2025)**: New consolidated Dutch Energy Act, merging Electricity Act 1998 and Gas Act. In force 2025. Flag date of translation — Elektriciteitswet 1998 references in older documents should generally be preserved (not replaced with Energiewet).
- **Wcw / Warmtewet**: Heating network regulation. Wet collectieve warmtevoorziening (Wcw) is the proposed successor to the 2014 Warmtewet with broader scope including municipal designation of heat supply areas. Still in legislative process — check in force status at time of translation.
- **Wkb — Wet kwaliteitsborging voor het bouwen**: Came into force 1 January 2024 alongside Omgevingswet. Private quality inspectors now approve building-quality assurance; local authority role reduced. New contractor liability for defects (BW 7:758 amended). Relevant for Wkb-category buildings (currently Gevolgklasse 1).
- **Net op zee**: Offshore grid — TenneT builds and operates offshore transmission for wind parks. Wind park connects at offshore substation; transmission risk allocation is a specific concern in offshore wind PPA and connection contracts.
- **Congestie / congestion**: Dutch grid is severely congested in many regions (particularly Gelderland, Noord-Brabant, Limburg). Large industrial connections often subject to congestion management, time-of-use restrictions, or deferred connections. Flag in translations — timing assumptions may be unreliable.
- **Erfpacht vs opstalrecht**: Two distinct Dutch property rights. Erfpacht (long lease / ground lease, BW 5:85) = right to use and exploit another's land, usually for annual canon. Opstalrecht (right of superficies, BW 5:101) = right to own buildings/works on/under another's land (severs the principle of "vertical accession"). Critical for solar parks, wind farms, cable routes, heating networks. Translate separately.
- **Rijksinpassingsplan (RIP)**: Central-government equivalent of an omgevingsplan — used for national infrastructure (e.g., offshore wind zones, major power lines). Translate as "national coordination plan" or "central government planning decision".
- **Kavelbesluit**: Plot decision for offshore wind — a decision specifying which plot may be developed, with what capacity, and under what conditions. Analogous to a site permit.
- **BRP / programmaverantwoordelijkheid**: BRP (balancing responsible party) carries program responsibility under Dutch electricity market rules — must submit schedules to TenneT and bears imbalance costs. Preserve BRP acronym; translate programmaverantwoordelijkheid as "program responsibility".
- **Belgian energy documents**: Belgium's regulatory framework differs — Elia (transmission), federal + regional regulators (CREG federal, VREG Flanders, CWaPE Wallonia, Brugel Brussels). Different support regimes (green certificate systems in Flanders/Wallonia). Flag Belgian context.
