# Swiss Doctrine & Expert Authority Map

This map offers guidance on how to use Swiss doctrinal sources and expert authority within the Swiss legal source & authority triage. It expands on Tier 7 of the Swiss legal source hierarchy (`doctrine and expert authority`) and helps an AI assistant understand when and how to consult academic materials, treatises and expert opinions.

## Core rule

**Doctrine is persuasive, not binding.** Use doctrinal sources **after** official law, official case law and regulator practice have been checked. Doctrine can clarify the structure of legal norms, identify standard interpretations and controversies, and provide contextual analysis, but it does not override statutes, ordinances, court judgments or regulator rules.

## How to use doctrine

1. **Check official sources first.** Confirm the relevant statutory provisions (federal, cantonal or communal) and official case law. Note the language version, in-force date and amendment history.
2. **Identify the doctrinal field.** Classify the question (e.g., criminal law, tax law, constitutional law, private law, procedural law, regulatory law, international law) and determine which doctrinal materials are relevant to that field.
3. **Prefer works over names.** Cite specific commentaries, treatises, textbooks or articles rather than simply naming a professor. Works have editions, dates and context; names do not.
4. **Check the edition and publication date.** Later editions may reflect amendments or new case law. Older commentaries may pre-date reforms.
5. **Identify the doctrinal posture.** Note whether a commentary represents mainstream interpretation, a minority view, a contested position, or a historical perspective. Flag doctrinal disagreement when relevant.
6. **Use appropriate language versions.** Some commentaries and treatises exist only in German, French or Italian. Translation may affect nuance; note translation status and caution when using translations for legal analysis.
7. **Flag when doctrine diverges across cantons or languages.** Swiss legal scholarship sometimes reflects different legal traditions or cantonal practice. Note any divergence that may affect the answer.
8. **Separate legal doctrine from policy or academic critique.** Some works advocate reforms or interpret legal principles from a philosophical or economic perspective. Use them for context and critique but not as current law.
9. **Escalate to a qualified Swiss lawyer.** Where doctrine is complex, contested, or essential to the outcome, recommend human legal review and describe the doctrinal issues clearly.

## Field map

Below is a non-exhaustive overview of Swiss legal fields with examples of doctrinal sources and commentary series. These examples are illustrative and should not be read as exhaustive lists or rankings. The goal is to orient the AI assistant toward relevant doctrinal materials by field.

| Field | Examples of doctrinal series and materials | AI-useful functions |
|---|---|---|
| **Criminal law** | Commentaries and treatises on the Criminal Code and Criminal Procedure Code (e.g., *Basler Kommentar*, *Kommentar zum Strafgesetzbuch*, *Basler Kommentar zur Strafprozessordnung*); monographs on offences and sentencing; academic journals such as *Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Strafrecht*. | Use to understand elements of offences, sentencing principles, procedural rights, special part interpretations and doctrinal controversies. |
| **Tax law** | Commentaries on the Federal Direct Tax Act and the Swiss VAT Act (e.g., *Kommentierte Schweizerische Steuerpraxis*), treatises on international tax law, handbooks on corporate taxation and private tax law. | Use to identify interpretations of tax statutes, cross-border tax issues, doctrinal debate on avoidance, and interaction between federal and cantonal tax law. |
| **Constitutional & administrative law** | Commentaries on the Federal Constitution (e.g., *Basler Kommentar zur Bundesverfassung*, *Commentaire romand de la Constitution fédérale*), treatises on fundamental rights, federalism and administrative procedure, and journals like *Aktuelle Juristische Praxis*. | Use to interpret constitutional rights, proportionality, administrative procedure, federal/cantonal competences and doctrinal disputes on separation of powers. |
| **Corporate & capital markets law** | Commentaries on the Code of Obligations and specific company statutes (e.g., *Basler Kommentar OR II*, *Berner Kommentar*, *Commentaire romand*), treatises on company law, corporate governance and capital markets, and works on stock-exchange regulation. | Use to examine corporate governance, shareholder rights, board duties, capital maintenance, securities regulation and doctrinal debates about corporate structures. |
| **Private law / obligations** | Commentaries on the Civil Code and Code of Obligations (e.g., *Basler Kommentar ZGB*, *Commentaire romand CC*), treatises on contracts, torts, property, family and inheritance law, and journals like *Zeitschrift für schweizerisches Recht* and *Praxis des Familienrechts*. | Use to interpret obligations, contractual clauses, liability, property rights, family matters, succession and doctrinal issues in private law. |
| **Civil procedure & arbitration** | Commentaries on the Civil Procedure Code (e.g., *Basler Kommentar ZPO*), treatises on arbitration law, academic writings on interim measures, enforcement and alternative dispute resolution, and practice-oriented commentaries on the Swiss Rules of International Arbitration. | Use to understand procedural rules, arbitration clauses, enforcement, forum selection and doctrinal splits in procedural law. |
| **Labour & social security law** | Commentaries on the Code of Obligations (employment sections), the Labour Act, and the Federal Act on the General Part of Social Security Law (ATSG), as well as practical guides and treatises on employment contracts, collective agreements and social insurance. | Use to explore employer/employee rights, termination, collective bargaining, social insurance contributions, and doctrinal debates on worker protection. |
| **Data protection, IP & digital law** | Commentaries on the Federal Act on Data Protection (FADP) and the corresponding ordinance, treatises on intellectual property law, and academic works on digital platforms, AI regulation and cyberspace. Journals such as *sic!* (Swiss review of intellectual property and competition law) are also relevant. | Use to understand data-processing obligations, consent, cross-border data transfers, IP rights, licensing, digital platforms and doctrinal analysis of emerging technologies. |
| **International & European law** | Commentaries on international treaties (e.g., Lugano Convention), treatises on public international law and European law, works on human rights (e.g., *EMRK Kommentar*), and comparative studies on Swiss-EU relations. | Use to examine treaty obligations, conflict-of-laws questions, human rights, bilateral agreements, and doctrinal debates on Switzerland's relationship with the EU. |
| **Legal philosophy & legal history** | Texts on Swiss legal philosophy, theory of law and jurisprudence, works on codification history and Swiss legal culture, as well as historical commentaries by jurists like Eugen Huber, Walther Burckhardt, Fritz Fleiner and Zaccaria Giacometti. | Use for contextual and historical orientation, understanding the foundations of Swiss law, and framing legal arguments, but not as current law. |

### Historical orientation

Historical figures and texts (e.g., **Eugen Huber**, **Carl Stooss**, **Fritz Fleiner**, **Walther Burckhardt**, **Zaccaria Giacometti**, **Max Huber**, **Iris von Roten**) provide context on the development of Swiss law, federalism, neutrality, gender equality and legal philosophy. Use these sources for historical and jurisprudential background, cultural understanding and methodological insight. **They do not constitute binding law**. Flag clearly when referencing a historical source and ensure that current law and recent case law take precedence.

## Escalation and human review

When doctrine is contested or when the question depends on a specific doctrinal interpretation, recommend escalation to a qualified Swiss lawyer. Summarise the doctrinal positions, note any mainstream vs minority views, and explain how the dispute may affect the outcome. Do not decide which doctrinal view is correct; instead, present the range of perspectives and emphasise that human legal judgment is required.
