---
name: nydfs-expert
title: NYDFS Expert
description: NYDFS 23 NYCRR 500 expert for financial services. Deep knowledge of New York Department of Financial Services cybersecurity requirements including all 23 sections, annual certification, CISO requirements, penetration testing, incident notification, and third-party risk management.
author: GRCEngClub
author_url: https://github.com/GRCEngClub/claude-grc-engineering/tree/main/plugins/frameworks/nydfs/skills/nydfs-expert
license: MIT
version: 0.1.0
execution_mode: open
jurisdiction: us
practice: cybersecurity
language: en
---

# NYDFS Expert

Deep expertise in New York Department of Financial Services (NYDFS) 23 NYCRR 500 cybersecurity requirements for financial services institutions.

## Expertise Areas

### NYDFS 23 NYCRR 500 Overview

**Official Title**: "Cybersecurity Requirements for Financial Services Companies"
**Authority**: New York Department of Financial Services (Superintendent)
**Effective Date**: March 1, 2017 (phased implementation through February 2019)
**Major Amendment**: November 1, 2023 (significant updates)
**Scope**: Financial services institutions operating in New York State
**Annual Certification**: Due April 15 each year

**Regulatory Authority**:

- NY Financial Services Law Section 201
- NY Insurance Law Section 302
- NY Banking Law Article 2
- Superintendent's emergency rulemaking authority

**Purpose**:

- Protect consumer financial data
- Ensure operational resilience of financial sector
- Establish minimum cybersecurity standards
- Promote cybersecurity risk management culture
- Align NY with leading cybersecurity practices

### Covered Entities

**Financial Institutions Subject to 23 NYCRR 500**:

- State-chartered banks
- Foreign bank branches in NY
- Trust companies and private bankers
- Insurance companies (life, health, P&C)
- Insurance agents and brokers
- Licensed lenders and mortgage companies
- Money transmitters
- Virtual currency businesses (BitLicense)
- Premium finance agencies
- Any entity operating under NYDFS supervision

**Exemptions from Coverage**:

- Entities exempt from licensing
- Entities with <10 employees, <$5M revenue, <$10M assets (limited exemptions for certain requirements)
- Charitable organizations (some)

**Affiliate Entities**:

- Parent companies may be covered
- Subsidiaries subject if meet criteria
- Shared services models common

### 23 Sections Deep Dive

#### **500.00 - Introduction**

Purpose and scope of regulation.

#### **500.01 - Definitions**

**Key Defined Terms**:

- **Affiliate**: Entity that controls, is controlled by, or is under common control
- **Authorized User**: Person with access to Information Systems
- **Board of Directors**: Governing body or senior officer(s)
- **Covered Entity**: Entity required to comply with 23 NYCRR 500
- **Cybersecurity Event**: Act that threatens confidentiality, integrity, or availability
- **Information System**: Systems owned/operated by covered entity or service providers
- **Multi-Factor Authentication**: At least two of: knowledge, possession, inherence
- **Nonpublic Information**: Business-related information not publicly available + private customer information
- **Penetration Testing**: Simulated attack to identify exploitable vulnerabilities
- **Privileged Account**: Account with elevated access rights
- **Risk Assessment**: Process to identify reasonably foreseeable threats
- **Senior Officer**: Senior executive with regular contact with Board
- **Service Provider**: Third party granted access to Information Systems or Nonpublic Information

#### **500.02 - Cybersecurity Program**

**Requirements**:

- Maintain cybersecurity program based on Risk Assessment
- Written policies and procedures
- Protect confidentiality, integrity, and availability
- NIST Cybersecurity Framework alignment (recommended)

**Program Elements Must Include**:

- Information security
- Data governance and classification
- Asset inventory and device management
- Access controls and identity management
- Business continuity and disaster recovery
- Systems operations and availability
- Systems and network security
- Systems and application development
- Physical security and environmental controls
- Customer data privacy
- Vendor and third-party management
- Risk assessment
- Incident response

**Risk-Based Approach**:

- Tailor to size, complexity, resources
- Focus on material risks
- Document risk-based decisions
- CISO approval of risk-based approaches

#### **500.03 - Cybersecurity Policy**

**Written Policy Required**:

- Board of Directors approved
- Addresses all areas in 500.02
- Reviewed and updated regularly
- Communicated to personnel

**Policy Must Address**:

1. Information security
2. Data governance and classification
3. Asset inventory and device management
4. Access controls and identity management
5. Business continuity and disaster recovery planning
6. Systems operations and availability concerns
7. Systems and network security
8. Systems and application development and quality assurance
9. Physical security and environmental controls
10. Customer data privacy
11. Vendor and third-party service provider management
12. Risk assessment
13. Incident response

**Board Approval**:

- Annual review minimum
- Documented Board approval
- Updates as needed
- Version control

#### **500.04 - Chief Information Security Officer (CISO)**

**CISO Requirement**:

- Designated qualified individual
- Can be employee, affiliate, or third-party
- Oversees and implements cybersecurity program
- Enforces cybersecurity policy
- Reports to Board of Directors or Senior Officer

**CISO Responsibilities**:

- Program oversight and implementation
- Policy development and enforcement
- Annual risk assessment
- Board reporting
- Incident response leadership
- Third-party risk oversight
- Compliance management
- Resource planning

**Reporting**:

- To Board or Senior Officer
- Annual report minimum
- Incident notifications
- Material changes (15-day notice)

**Qualifications**:

- Adequate expertise and resources
- Financial services experience (preferred)
- Regulatory compliance knowledge
- Technical and leadership skills

**Material Change Notification** (500.18):

- 15 days advance notice to NYDFS
- CISO designation changes
- Elimination of CISO role
- Reporting structure changes

#### **500.05 - Penetration Testing and Vulnerability Assessments**

**Annual Penetration Testing**:

- Risk-based scope
- Internal and/or external
- Application testing
- Qualified personnel (internal or external)
- Documented findings
- Remediation of critical vulnerabilities
- Exemption available for small entities

**Bi-Annual Vulnerability Assessments**:

- Twice per year minimum
- All Information Systems
- Automated scanning
- Configuration review
- Missing patches
- Known vulnerabilities
- Risk-based prioritization

**Remediation Requirements**:

- Timely remediation of critical vulnerabilities
- Risk-based prioritization
- Track and report status
- CISO oversight

**Qualified Personnel**:

- Internal security team or external firm
- Certifications: OSCP, GPEN, CEH, GWAPT
- Financial services experience
- Documented methodology
- Professional liability insurance (external)

#### **500.06 - Audit Trail**

**Audit Logging Requirements**:

- Maintain audit logs
- Monitor authorized user activity
- Detect unauthorized access
- Reconstruct transactions
- Protect log integrity
- Retain for adequate period

**What to Log**:

- User authentication events
- Privileged account activity
- Access to Nonpublic Information
- System changes
- Security events
- Administrative actions

**Log Management**:

- Centralized collection (SIEM)
- Regular review
- Alert on suspicious activity
- Protect from tampering
- Backup and archive

#### **500.07 - Access Privileges**

**Least Privilege**:

- Limit user access to what's necessary
- Role-based access control (RBAC)
- Separation of duties
- Need-to-know basis

**Periodic Review**:

- Annual review minimum
- Quarterly for privileged accounts
- Certification by data owners
- Disable unnecessary access

**Privileged Account Management**:

- Enhanced controls for privileged accounts
- MFA required
- Monitoring and logging
- Periodic recertification
- Just-in-time access (best practice)

**Access Termination**:

- Disable immediately upon termination
- Modify when role changes
- Automated provisioning/deprovisioning
- Return of credentials and devices

#### **500.08 - Application Security**

**Secure Development**:

- Written procedures for application development
- Secure coding practices
- Security requirements in SDLC
- Threat modeling
- Secure by design

**Application Testing**:

- Periodic security assessment
- Static analysis (SAST)
- Dynamic analysis (DAST)
- Penetration testing
- Code review

**Third-Party Applications**:

- Vendor security assessments
- Patch management
- Configuration hardening
- Regular updates

#### **500.09 - Risk Assessment**

**Annual Risk Assessment**:

- At least annually
- More frequently as needed
- Documented methodology
- Identify reasonably foreseeable threats
- Assess vulnerabilities
- Evaluate likelihood and impact
- Inform program design and budget

**Risk Assessment Components**:

1. **Asset Identification**: Information Systems, data, infrastructure
2. **Threat Identification**: Internal, external, environmental
3. **Vulnerability Assessment**: Technical, process, human weaknesses
4. **Risk Analysis**: Likelihood × Impact
5. **Risk Evaluation**: Prioritization, risk appetite
6. **Risk Treatment**: Mitigate, accept, transfer, avoid

**CISO Presentation**:

- Present findings to Board
- Risk recommendations
- Resource requests
- Program updates
- Justify cybersecurity investments

**Documentation**:

- Risk assessment report
- Methodology description
- Findings and analysis
- Risk register
- Treatment plans
- Board presentation materials

#### **500.10 - Cybersecurity Personnel and Intelligence**

**Qualified Personnel**:

- Sufficient cybersecurity personnel
- Adequate training and resources
- Appropriate experience and expertise
- May use third parties

**Staffing Considerations**:

- In-house team size based on risk
- Mix of internal and external resources
- Specialized skills (IR, forensics, architecture)
- 24/7 monitoring (for larger entities)

**Cybersecurity Intelligence**:

- Stay current on threats
- Monitor threat landscape
- Participate in information sharing (FS-ISAC)
- Threat intelligence feeds
- Industry alerts and advisories
- NYDFS guidance and bulletins

**Training and Development**:

- Ongoing professional development
- Certifications and conferences
- Peer networking
- Technology updates
- Regulatory awareness

#### **500.11 - Third-Party Service Provider Security Policy**

**Written Policy Required**:

- Identify and assess third-party risks
- Minimum security standards
- Due diligence before engagement
- Contractual protections
- Ongoing monitoring
- Periodic assessments

**Third-Party Risk Assessment**:

- Criticality of service
- Type of data accessed
- Security controls in place
- Prior incidents or breaches
- Financial stability
- Geographic location
- Subcontractor usage

**Due Diligence**:

- Security questionnaires
- SOC 2 / ISO 27001 reports
- Security assessments
- Financial review
- References
- Site visits (critical vendors)

**Contractual Requirements**:

- Security and privacy obligations
- Right to audit
- Incident notification
- Data ownership and return
- Subcontractor disclosure
- Breach liability
- Indemnification
- Insurance requirements

**Ongoing Monitoring**:

- Annual vendor reviews
- Continuous monitoring
- Security alerts
- Performance metrics
- Relationship management
- Contract renewals

**Representative Sample**:

- Not all vendors require same rigor
- Risk-based tiering (Critical, High, Medium, Low)
- Focus on material service providers
- Document risk-based approach

#### **500.12 - Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)**

**MFA Required For**:

- Accessing internal networks from external networks
- Accessing Nonpublic Information
- Privileged accounts
- Remote access (VPN, RDP)

**MFA Types** (at least 2 factors):

- **Knowledge**: Password, PIN
- **Possession**: Token, smartphone, smart card
- **Inherence**: Biometric (fingerprint, facial recognition)

**Implementation**:

- Risk-based approach acceptable
- Phishing-resistant MFA preferred (FIDO2, smart cards)
- SMS-based discouraged but acceptable
- Push notifications
- Hardware tokens

**Exemptions and Risk-Based Decisions**:

- CISO may approve risk-based exemptions
- Document rationale
- Compensating controls
- Small entity exemption available

**Common Gaps**:

- Not enabled for all required access
- Weak MFA (SMS)
- Service accounts without MFA
- VPN without MFA
- Admin consoles without MFA

#### **500.13 - Limitations on Data Retention**

**Data Retention Policy**:

- Dispose of Nonpublic Information when no longer needed
- Documented retention schedule
- Legal and regulatory requirements
- Business needs
- Secure disposal methods

**Disposal Methods**:

- Data destruction (shredding, wiping)
- Cryptographic erasure
- Physical destruction
- Certificate of destruction
- Vendor disposal services

**Retention Schedule Factors**:

- Regulatory requirements (varies by record type)
- Litigation holds
- Business operations
- Tax records (typically 7 years)
- Data minimization

#### **500.14 - Training and Monitoring**

**Security Awareness Training**:

- Regular training for all personnel
- Role-based training
- Annual minimum
- New hire onboarding
- Updates when threats evolve

**Training Topics**:

- Phishing and social engineering
- Password security
- Data handling
- Incident reporting
- Physical security
- Acceptable use policy
- Regulatory obligations
- Privacy requirements

**Training Methods**:

- Mandatory annual training
- Computer-based training
- Simulated phishing
- Lunch-and-learns
- Security newsletters
- Posters and awareness campaigns

**Activity Monitoring**:

- Monitor personnel activity
- Detect cybersecurity events
- SIEM and log analysis
- User behavior analytics (UBA)
- Anomaly detection
- Insider threat detection

**Effectiveness Measurement**:

- Track training completion
- Test knowledge retention
- Phishing simulation metrics
- Incident trends
- Culture assessment

#### **500.15 - Encryption of Nonpublic Information**

**Encryption Requirements**:

- Encrypt Nonpublic Information in transit
- Encrypt Nonpublic Information at rest
- Risk-based approach acceptable
- CISO-approved encryption standards

**In Transit**:

- TLS 1.2+ for web traffic
- IPSec or TLS for VPN
- SFTP/SCP for file transfer
- Encrypted email (S/MIME, PGP)
- Secure messaging

**At Rest**:

- Full disk encryption (FDE)
- Database encryption (TDE)
- File-level encryption
- Cloud storage encryption
- Backup encryption
- Mobile device encryption

**Encryption Standards**:

- AES-256 (symmetric)
- RSA 2048+ or ECC (asymmetric)
- SHA-256+ (hashing)
- NIST-approved algorithms
- Avoid deprecated (DES, 3DES, MD5, SHA-1)

**Key Management**:

- Centralized key management system
- Key rotation
- Separation of duties
- Secure key storage (HSM)
- Key escrow and recovery
- Access controls

**Risk-Based Exceptions**:

- CISO may approve compensating controls
- Document justification
- Enhanced access controls
- Network segmentation
- Monitoring and alerting
- Annual review of exceptions

#### **500.16 - Incident Response Plan**

**Written Plan Required**:

- Address detection, response, recovery
- Internal processes and responsibilities
- External communication procedures
- Incident classification
- Escalation paths
- Evidence preservation

**Plan Components**:

1. **Preparation**: Tools, training, playbooks
2. **Detection and Analysis**: Monitoring, triage, classification
3. **Containment**: Isolate, limit damage
4. **Eradication**: Remove threat, patch vulnerabilities
5. **Recovery**: Restore operations, validate
6. **Post-Incident**: Lessons learned, improvements

**Incident Response Team**:

- CISO (lead)
- IT/Security staff
- Legal counsel
- Compliance/Risk
- Communications/PR
- Business unit leaders
- External resources (forensics, counsel)

**Testing**:

- Annual testing minimum
- Tabletop exercises
- Simulations
- Red team/purple team
- Update plan based on lessons learned

**NYDFS Notification** (500.17):

- Within 72 hours of determination
- Cybersecurity events that require notification
- Electronic submission to NYDFS
- Update notifications as needed

#### **500.17 - Notices to Superintendent**

**72-Hour Notification Required For**:

- Cybersecurity events impacting normal operations
- Events impacting Nonpublic Information
- Events requiring notification to government body, self-regulatory organization, or media
- Ransomware attacks (even if no data impact)
- Extortion attempts

**Notification Process**:

- Email to NYDFS mailbox
- Include initial details
- Updates as investigation progresses
- Final report with lessons learned
- Ongoing cooperation with NYDFS

**What to Include**:

- Date and time of discovery
- Type of event
- Affected systems
- Data impacted
- Response actions
- Containment status
- External notifications
- Contact information

**Enforcement**:

- Failure to notify is separate violation
- Late notification scrutinized
- Assess when 72-hour clock starts (discovery vs. determination)
- Err on side of notification

**Not a Breach Notification Law**:

- 23 NYCRR 500 is regulatory reporting
- Separate from consumer breach notification laws
- May trigger other notification requirements
- Coordinate with legal counsel

#### **500.18 - Material Changes (CISO)**

**15-Day Advance Notice**:

- Material changes to CISO designation
- New CISO appointment
- CISO departures
- Reporting structure changes
- Outsourcing CISO function

**Notification Method**:

- Electronic submission to NYDFS
- Via online portal or email
- Include effective date
- Provide new CISO information
- Transition plan

#### **500.19 - Exemptions**

**Small Entity Exemption Criteria**:

- Fewer than 10 employees (including affiliates)
- Less than $5M gross annual revenue (3-year average)
- Less than $10M in year-end total assets

**Available Exemptions** (for qualifying entities):

- Annual penetration testing (500.05)
- Multi-factor authentication (500.12)
- CISO designation (500.04) - still need responsible individual
- Certain policy requirements

**Exemption Process**:

- File exemption notice with NYDFS
- Claim in annual certification
- Document qualification
- Re-assess annually
- Implement alternative controls

**Not Exempt From**:

- Vulnerability assessments (bi-annual)
- Annual certification
- Risk assessment
- Incident notification
- Core cybersecurity program

#### **500.20 - Certification of Compliance**

See full **Annual Certification** section below.

#### **500.21 - Notices**

Methods for providing notices to NYDFS.

#### **500.22 - Transitional Period**

Original phased implementation timeline (now past).

#### **500.23 - Effective Date**

Original effective date: March 1, 2017
Amendment effective: November 1, 2023

### 2023 Amendment - Key Changes

**Effective Date**: November 1, 2023

**Major Updates**:

1. **Expanded Governance**:
   - Class A directors must oversee cybersecurity risk (banks)
   - Enhanced Board oversight requirements
   - Senior Governing Body defined

2. **Privileged Access Management**:
   - Detailed privileged account requirements
   - Enhanced monitoring
   - Access recertification

3. **Asset Inventory and Classification**:
   - Maintain comprehensive asset inventory
   - Classify Information Systems by criticality
   - Data classification requirements

4. **Encryption**:
   - Strengthened encryption requirements
   - At-rest encryption emphasized
   - Key management standards

5. **Incident Response**:
   - 72-hour notification timeline (was unclear before)
   - Ransomware always reportable
   - Enhanced notification content

6. **Business Continuity**:
   - Annual testing required
   - Recovery time objectives (RTO)
   - Recovery point objectives (RPO)

7. **Definitions**:
   - Affiliate clarified
   - Authorized User defined
   - Privileged Account defined
   - Senior Governing Body clarified

### Annual Certification (500.17)

**Due Date**: April 15 each year
**Covers**: Prior calendar year (January 1 - December 31)
**Certifier**: Board of Directors member or Senior Officer
**Method**: Electronic submission via NYDFS portal

**Certification Statement**:

- Attest to compliance with 23 NYCRR 500
- Reviewed cybersecurity program
- Reasonable assurance of security
- Material changes noted
- Exemptions claimed (if applicable)

**Preparation Timeline**:

- **Q4 Prior Year**: Gap assessment, remediation planning
- **January**: Risk assessment, penetration test results
- **February**: Vulnerability assessment, remediation
- **March**: Board review and approval
- **April 1-15**: Submit certification

**Board Involvement**:

- Annual review of cybersecurity program
- CISO presentation
- Approve certification statement
- Document Board review

**Consequences of Non-Filing**:

- Regulatory violation
- Enforcement action
- Monetary penalties
- Enhanced monitoring
- Reputational damage

### Common Compliance Challenges

**1. CISO Designation**:

- Difficulty finding qualified CISO
- Cost of CISO compensation
- Reporting structure issues
- Turnover and succession
- Small entity resource constraints

**2. Annual Certification**:

- Last-minute scramble in March
- Incomplete documentation
- Board not engaged
- Missing exemption notices
- Late filing

**3. Penetration Testing**:

- Cost and budget constraints
- Scheduling conflicts
- Remediation timelines
- Vendor selection
- Scope definition

**4. Multi-Factor Authentication**:

- Legacy system compatibility
- User resistance
- Service account challenges
- Cost of MFA solutions
- Implementation complexity

**5. Third-Party Risk Management**:

- Overwhelming number of vendors
- Vendor assessment burden
- Contract negotiation challenges
- Ongoing monitoring
- Critical vendor dependencies

**6. Incident Response**:

- Determining 72-hour notification trigger
- Incomplete IR plan
- Lack of testing
- Communication breakdowns
- NYDFS notification process

**7. Encryption**:

- Legacy systems without encryption
- Key management complexity
- Performance impact
- Cost of encryption solutions
- Data-at-rest gaps

**8. Resource Constraints**:

- Budget limitations
- Staffing shortages
- Competing priorities
- Technology debt
- Executive support

### NYDFS Examination Process

**Risk-Based Examinations**:

- NYDFS conducts cybersecurity examinations
- Scheduled or targeted
- Document requests
- Onsite or virtual
- Interview CISO, IT staff, executives

**Exam Focus Areas**:

- Cybersecurity program maturity
- Risk assessment quality
- CISO qualifications and support
- Testing and assessments
- Incident response capability
- Third-party risk management
- Compliance with all 23 sections
- Prior findings remediation

**Exam Deliverables**:

- Report of examination
- Findings and recommendations
- Required corrective actions
- Timelines for remediation
- Follow-up examinations

**Enforcement Actions**:

- Consent orders
- Civil monetary penalties
- Enhanced monitoring
- Public disclosure
- License implications

### Industry Best Practices

**NIST Cybersecurity Framework Alignment**:

- NYDFS encourages NIST CSF use
- Five functions: Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, Recover
- Maturity assessment
- Gap analysis
- Continuous improvement

**Cybersecurity Maturity**:

- **Level 1 - Initial**: Ad hoc, reactive
- **Level 2 - Developing**: Documented, repeatable
- **Level 3 - Defined**: Enterprise-wide, risk-based
- **Level 4 - Managed**: Measured, controlled
- **Level 5 - Optimized**: Continuous improvement, integrated

**Continuous Monitoring**:

- Real-time threat detection
- SIEM and SOC
- Threat intelligence
- User behavior analytics
- Automated response

**Zero Trust Architecture**:

- Never trust, always verify
- Microsegmentation
- Least privilege access
- Continuous authentication
- Data-centric security

### Cost of Compliance

**Small Entity** (<50 employees):

- **Initial**: $50K-$150K (tools, consulting, CISO)
- **Annual**: $30K-$80K (ongoing costs)

**Medium Entity** (50-500 employees):

- **Initial**: $150K-$500K
- **Annual**: $80K-$250K

**Large Entity** (500+ employees):

- **Initial**: $500K-$2M+
- **Annual**: $250K-$1M+

**Key Cost Drivers**:

- CISO compensation
- Security tools and technologies
- Penetration testing and assessments
- Third-party risk management
- Training and awareness
- Consulting and professional services
- Incident response retainers
- Cyber insurance

### Resources and Guidance

**NYDFS Official**:

- 23 NYCRR 500 regulation text
- NYDFS Cybersecurity Resource Center
- Industry Guidance letters
- FAQ documents
- Annual cybersecurity reports
- Examination guidance

**Industry Organizations**:

- **FS-ISAC**: Financial Services Information Sharing and Analysis Center
- **ABA**: American Bankers Association cybersecurity resources
- **SIFMA**: Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association
- **ACLI**: American Council of Life Insurers

**Frameworks and Standards**:

- **NIST CSF**: Cybersecurity Framework
- **NIST 800-53**: Security and Privacy Controls
- **ISO 27001**: Information Security Management
- **CIS Controls**: Critical Security Controls
- **FFIEC CAT**: Cybersecurity Assessment Tool (banking)

## Capabilities

- 23 NYCRR 500 compliance assessment (all 23 sections)
- Annual certification preparation and submission guidance
- CISO designation and qualifications (employee, affiliate, third-party)
- Cybersecurity program design and implementation
- Risk assessment methodology and execution
- Penetration testing and vulnerability assessment planning
- Multi-factor authentication implementation strategies
- Encryption program design (in-transit and at-rest)
- Incident response plan development and testing
- 72-hour NYDFS notification process and determination
- Third-party service provider security policy and program
- Access privilege management and annual recertification
- Audit trail and logging requirements
- Board of Directors reporting and engagement
- Application security and secure development practices
- Business continuity and disaster recovery planning
- Security awareness training program development
- Exemption eligibility assessment and filing
- NYDFS examination preparation
- Enforcement action response and remediation
- Cybersecurity maturity assessment
- Gap analysis and remediation roadmaps
- Budget planning and cost estimation
- Vendor selection (CISO, pen testing, tools)
- Integration with other frameworks (NIST, ISO, GLBA, SOC 2)
