# Finnish — IP, Technology and IT Sub-Lexicon

Combines Finnish-language IP/technology and IT/SaaS vocabulary. Part 1 covers copyright, industrial property (patents, designs, trade marks), trade secrets and technology transfer. Part 2 covers software licensing, SaaS/cloud services, implementation projects, SLAs, data processing and cybersecurity.

---

## Part 1 — Intellectual Property and Technology

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Finnish intellectual property and
technology legal terms to their correct English equivalents.

## Core IP Terms

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| immateriaalioikeudet / teollis- ja tekijänoikeudet | intellectual property rights (IPR) |
| patentti | patent |
| patenttihakemus | patent application |
| patentin rekisteröinti | patent registration |
| hyödyllisyysmalli | utility model |
| mallioikeus / mallipatentti | design right / registered design |
| tavaramerkki | trade mark (UK) / trademark (US) |
| tavaramerkin rekisteröinti | trade mark (UK) / trademark (US) registration |
| tekijänoikeus | copyright |
| moraaliset oikeudet | moral rights |
| lähioikeudet | neighbouring rights (UK) / neighboring rights (US) |
| liikesalaisuus | trade secret |
| sopimaton menettely elinkeinotoiminnassa | unfair business practice |
| kasvinjalostajanoikeus | plant variety right / plant breeder's right |

## Patent and Utility Model Terms

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| keksintö | invention |
| patenttivaatimukset | claims |
| selitys | specification / description |
| hakija | applicant |
| patentinhaltija | patentee / patent holder |
| patentti- ja rekisterihallitus (PRH) | Finnish Patent and Registration Office (PRH) |
| eurooppapatentti (EP) | European patent (EP) |
| yhtenäispatentti (UP) | unitary patent (UP) |
| yhdistetty patenttituomioistuin (UPC) | Unified Patent Court (UPC) |
| väite | opposition |
| mitättömyys | invalidity |
| patentinloukkaus | patent infringement |
| kieltotuomio | injunctive relief / cease and desist |
| vahingonkorvausvaatimus | claim for damages |
| lisenssi / käyttölupa | licence (UK) / license (US) |
| yksinoikeuslisenssi | exclusive licence (UK) / exclusive license (US) |
| rinnakkaislisenssi | non-exclusive licence (UK) / non-exclusive license (US) |
| pakkolisenssi | compulsory licence (UK) / compulsory license (US) |

## Licensing Terms

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| lisenssisopimus | licence agreement (UK) / license agreement (US) |
| lisenssinantaja | licensor |
| lisenssinsaaja | licensee |
| ei-yksinoikeuslisenssi | non-exclusive licence (UK) / non-exclusive license (US) |
| alilisenssi | sublicence (UK) / sublicense (US) |
| lisenssimaksu / rojaltit | royalty / licence fee (UK) / license fee (US) |
| kertamaksu | lump-sum royalty |
| juokseva rojaltit | running royalty |
| minimirojaltit | minimum royalty |
| tarkastusoikeus / auditointioikeus | audit right |
| ristikkäislisenssi | cross-licence (UK) / cross-license (US) |
| parannukset | improvements |
| takaisinsaantilisenssi / grant-back | grant-back |

## Data Protection Terms

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| EU:n yleinen tietosuoja-asetus (GDPR) | General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) |
| tietosuojalaki | Data Protection Act |
| henkilötieto | personal data |
| arkaluonteinen henkilötieto / erityiset henkilötietoryhmät | special categories of personal data (sensitive data) |
| rekisterinpitäjä | controller |
| henkilötietojen käsittelijä | processor |
| rekisteröity | data subject |
| käsittelyn tarkoitus | purpose of processing |
| suostumus | consent |
| oikeutettu etu | legitimate interest |
| tietosuojavaltuutettu (DPO) | data protection officer (DPO) |
| tietosuojavaltuutetun toimisto | Office of the Data Protection Ombudsman |
| tietoturvaloukkaus | data breach |
| tietoturvaloukkausilmoitus | breach notification |
| vaikutustenarviointi (DPIA) | data protection impact assessment (DPIA) |
| tietojen siirto kolmansiin maihin | cross-border data transfer |

## Section Headings

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| määritelmät | DEFINITIONS |
| lisenssin myöntäminen | GRANT OF LICENCE / LICENSE |
| rojaltit / lisenssimaksut | ROYALTIES |
| immateriaalioikeuksien omistajuus | OWNERSHIP OF IP |
| salassapito | CONFIDENTIALITY |
| vakuutukset | WARRANTIES |
| vastuunrajoitus | LIMITATION OF LIABILITY |
| sopimuksen päättäminen | TERMINATION |
| yleiset ehdot | MISCELLANEOUS |

## Notes

- **Patents Act (patenttilaki)**: Finland's patent legislation. Finland is a member of the
  European Patent Convention (EPC) and has opted in to the Unitary Patent system and the
  Unified Patent Court (UPC). Reference as "Patents Act" on first mention.
- **UPC participation**: Finland ratified the UPC Agreement and participates in the Unified
  Patent Court system. European patents with unitary effect and classic European patents
  (EP(FI)) are subject to UPC jurisdiction. Flag when translating patent matters.
- **Copyright Act (tekijänoikeuslaki)**: Finnish copyright law — moral rights are
  non-transferable. Copyright in software created in the course of employment transfers to
  the employer under the Copyright Act (specific provision for software). For other works,
  transfer must be agreed. Flag the distinction.
- **GDPR and Finnish Data Protection Act**: Finland implements GDPR supplemented by the
  national Data Protection Act (tietosuojalaki, 1050/2018). The Data Protection Ombudsman
  (tietosuojavaltuutettu) is the supervisory authority. Finland has specific rules for
  processing personal identity codes (henkilötunnus).
- **Trade Secrets Act (liikesalaisuuslaki)**: Implements the EU Trade Secrets Directive.
  Provides civil remedies including injunctions, damages, and corrective measures. Criminal
  sanctions also available under the Criminal Code. Flag the dual remedy system.

---

## Part 2 — IT, Software and SaaS

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Finnish IT/SaaS legal terms to their
correct English equivalents.

## Core IT/SaaS Document Terms

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| SaaS-sopimus | SaaS agreement |
| ohjelmistolisenssisopimus | software licence agreement (UK) / software license agreement (US) |
| pilvipalvelusopimus | cloud services agreement |
| ohjelmistokehityssopimus | software development agreement |
| ylläpitosopimus | maintenance agreement |
| järjestelmäintegraatiosopimus | systems integration agreement |
| hosting-sopimus / palvelintilasopimus | hosting agreement |
| IT-ulkoistussopimus | IT outsourcing agreement / managed services agreement |
| palveluntarjoaja / toimittaja | provider / vendor |
| asiakas / käyttäjä | customer / user |
| loppukäyttäjä | end user |
| käyttöoikeus | right of use / user licence (UK) / user license (US) |
| pääsyoikeus | access right |
| tilaus | subscription |
| tilausmaksu | subscription fee |
| lisenssimaksu | licence fee (UK) / license fee (US) |
| käyttöönottomaksu / asennusmaksu | set-up fees / implementation fees |
| ylläpitomaksu | maintenance fees |

## Technical Terms

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| ohjelmisto | software |
| vakio-ohjelmisto | off-the-shelf software / standard software |
| räätälöity ohjelmisto | bespoke software / custom software |
| lähdekoodi | source code |
| objektikoodi | object code |
| lähdekoodin escrow / lähdekoodin talletus | source code escrow |
| rajapinta (API) | application programming interface (API) |
| tietokanta | database |
| infrastruktuuri | infrastructure |
| palvelin | server |
| datakeskus / konesali | data centre (UK) / data center (US) |
| kaistanleveys | bandwidth |
| tallennustila | storage |
| varmuuskopio | backup |
| palautus | recovery / restore |
| tietojen siirto / migraatio | data migration |
| yhteentoimivuus | interoperability |
| integraatio | integration |
| konfigurointi / asetukset | configuration |
| räätälöinti | customisation (UK) / customization (US) |
| päivitys (minor) | update |
| päivitys (major) / versiopäivitys | upgrade |
| korjauspäivitys | patch / hotfix |
| julkaisu / versio | release / version |
| tuotantoympäristö | production environment |
| testiympäristö | test environment / staging environment |

## Service Level Terms

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| palvelutaso | service level |
| palvelutasosopimus (SLA) | service level agreement (SLA) |
| käytettävyys / saatavuus | availability / uptime |
| käytettävyystakuu | availability guarantee |
| käyttökatko | downtime |
| suunniteltu huoltokatko | scheduled downtime / planned maintenance |
| vasteaika | response time |
| ratkaisuaika | resolution time |
| häiriö / vika | incident |
| vakava häiriö | major incident / critical incident |
| häiriönhallinta | incident management |
| eskalointi | escalation |
| palveluhyvitys | service credits |
| toipumissuunnitelma (DRP) | disaster recovery plan (DRP) |
| jatkuvuussuunnitelma (BCP) | business continuity plan (BCP) |

## Data and Security Terms

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| tietosuoja-asetus (GDPR) | General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) |
| tietojen käsittely | data processing |
| tietoturvatoimenpiteet | security measures |
| tietoturvapolitiikka | information security policy |
| ISO 27001 | ISO 27001 |
| haavoittuvuus | vulnerability |
| tietomurto / tietoturvaloukkaus | data breach |
| salaus | encryption |
| pääsynhallinta | access control |

## Section Headings

| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| palvelujen laajuus | SCOPE OF SERVICES |
| käyttöoikeus / lisenssi | LICENCE / LICENSE |
| palvelutasot / SLA | SERVICE LEVELS |
| hinnat ja maksaminen | FEES AND PAYMENT |
| immateriaalioikeudet | INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY |
| tietosuoja | DATA PROTECTION |

## Notes

- **IT2022 General Terms**: Finland has widely used IT contract standard terms published
  by the IT Industry Association (Tietotekniikan liitto / Teknologiateollisuus). The IT2022
  terms cover software licensing, SaaS, IT services, and systems development. The terms
  are commonly referenced in Finnish IT contracts. Follow IT2022 terminology where applicable.
- **GDPR and cloud services**: When personal data is processed in the cloud, GDPR
  requirements apply. Finnish data protection law supplements GDPR with specific provisions.
  Data processing agreements (DPA) are mandatory. Flag the DPA requirement.
- **Copyright in software**: Under the Finnish Copyright Act, copyright in software created
  in the course of employment transfers to the employer. This is a specific statutory
  exception — for non-software deliverables, assignment must be contractually agreed.
  Flag the distinction.
- **"Palvelutasosopimus" (SLA)**: Finnish IT practice follows international SLA conventions.
  The IT2022 terms include specific SLA provisions. Service credits are the standard remedy
  for SLA breaches.
- **Data localisation (UK) / localization (US)**: There is no Finnish data localisation
  requirement, but GDPR cross-border transfer rules apply for data transferred outside
  the EEA. Finnish companies increasingly require EU/EEA data residency in cloud contracts.
  Flag when translating.
