# Japanese — Public Procurement Sub-Lexicon

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Japanese public procurement legal terms
to their correct English equivalents.

## Core Procurement Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 公共調達 / 政府調達 | public procurement / government procurement |
| 入札 | tender / bid |
| 入札手続 / 調達手続 | procurement procedure |
| 一般競争入札 | open competitive tender |
| 指名競争入札 | selective competitive tender / invited tender |
| 随意契約 | direct award / negotiated contract |
| 総合評価方式 | most economically advantageous tender (MEAT) |
| 価格競争方式 | lowest price tender |
| プロポーザル方式 | proposal-based procurement |
| 企画競争 | design competition |
| 発注者 / 契約担当官 | contracting authority / contracting officer |
| 入札者 / 応札者 | tenderer / bidder |
| 落札者 / 受注者 | successful bidder / awarded contractor |
| 入札参加資格 | tender qualification / eligibility criteria |
| 等級格付 | qualification rating / grading |
| 仕様書 | specification |
| 入札説明書 | tender documents / bidding documents |
| 入札書 | tender / bid (document) |

## Tender Process Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 入札公告 | invitation to tender / contract notice |
| 入札参加申請 | application for tender participation |
| 現場説明会 | site briefing / pre-tender site visit |
| 質問回答 | clarification / questions and answers |
| 入札締切 | tender deadline / closing date |
| 開札 | opening of tenders |
| 評価基準 | evaluation criteria |
| 技術評価 | technical evaluation |
| 価格評価 | price evaluation |
| 落札決定 | award decision |
| 契約締結 | contract conclusion / contract award |
| 入札保証金 | tender bond / bid bond |
| 契約保証金 | performance bond / contract guarantee |
| 低入札価格調査 | abnormally low tender investigation |
| 最低制限価格 | minimum price threshold |
| 予定価格 | estimated price / reserve price |

## Challenge and Remedy Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 入札不正 / 入札談合 | bid rigging / collusive tendering |
| 官製談合 | government-initiated bid rigging |
| 排除措置 / 指名停止 | debarment / exclusion |
| 不服申立て / 異議申立て | challenge / complaint |
| 苦情処理 | complaint review / dispute resolution |
| 会計検査院 | Board of Audit |
| 公正取引委員会 (公取委) | Japan Fair Trade Commission (JFTC) |

## Section Headings

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 契約条件 | CONTRACT CONDITIONS |
| 契約保証 | PERFORMANCE GUARANTEE |
| 特記仕様書 | PARTICULAR SPECIFICATIONS |
| 共通仕様書 | GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS |

## Notes

- **Dual procurement framework**: Japanese public procurement is governed by the Accounting
  Act (会計法, for central government) and the Local Autonomy Act (地方自治法, for local
  government). The applicable law depends on the procuring entity. WTO GPA obligations
  also apply for above-threshold procurements. Identify the applicable regime.
- **"一般競争入札" (open competitive tender)**: The default procurement method under
  Japanese law. Selective tenders (指名競争入札) and direct awards (随意契約) are exceptions
  requiring justification. Translate as "open competitive tender".
- **"総合評価方式"**: An evaluation method that considers both price and non-price factors.
  The weighting methodology varies by procuring entity. Similar to MEAT in EU procurement.
  Translate as "most economically advantageous tender" for international audience.
- **"入札談合" (bid rigging)**: Heavily prosecuted under the Antimonopoly Act and the
  Act on Elimination of Involvement in Bid Rigging (官製談合防止法). Criminal penalties
  apply. Flag compliance risks in translation.
- **"予定価格"**: The estimated price set by the procuring entity before opening tenders.
  Tenders above this price are automatically rejected. This is a distinctive feature of
  Japanese procurement. Translate as "estimated price" or "reserve price" and explain.
- **WTO GPA (政府調達に関する協定)**: Japan is a party to the WTO Government Procurement
  Agreement. Above-threshold procurements must follow GPA procedures including
  international tender notices. Flag when thresholds are met.
