# Italian Sub-Lexicon: Employment / Labor

Italian-to-English mappings extracted from employment.md. These terms are Italy-specific
and should be mapped to universal English equivalents in the main lexicon rather than
appearing in employment contracts written for English readers.

## Italian Employment Contract Types

| Italian term | English equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| contratto di lavoro subordinato | employment contract / employment agreement | Italian law term for dependent employment relationship; "subordinazione" denotes employee status |
| contratto di lavoro a tempo indeterminato | permanent employment contract | Employment with no fixed end date; standard in Italian employment law |
| contratto di lavoro a tempo determinato | fixed-term employment contract | Employment with specified end date (limited by EU Directive 1999/70/EC) |
| contratto di lavoro part-time | part-time employment contract | Employment with reduced hours; regulated separately in Italian law |
| contratto di collaborazione | consultancy agreement / contractor agreement | Quasi-employment arrangement; may be "collaborazione coordinata e continuativa" (co.co.co.) or "contratto a progetto" |
| collaborazione coordinata e continuativa / co.co.co. | coordinated and continuous collaboration | Italy-specific arrangement (pre-2015); worker performs ongoing coordinated services without employment status; largely eliminated by Jobs Act 2015 reforms |
| contratto a progetto | project-based contract | Italy-specific quasi-employment for defined project; modified by Jobs Act 2015 to align with "genuinely independent" criteria |
| lettera di assunzione | letter of appointment / offer letter | Document setting out employment terms and commencement date |
| patto di non concorrenza | non-compete agreement / non-competition covenant | Restrictive covenant preventing competition; enforced under Italian law if reasonable in scope/duration |
| patto di non sollecitazione | non-solicitation agreement | Covenant preventing solicitation of clients/employees; distinct from non-compete |
| patto di riservatezza | confidentiality agreement | Protection of employer's confidential information and trade secrets |
| clausola di stabilità | minimum term clause / lock-in clause | Clause requiring minimum employment duration or requiring employee to repay training costs |
| periodo di prova | probationary period / trial period | Initial employment period (typically 1-6 months, determined by CCNL) during which either party may terminate without notice |
| accordo di risoluzione consensuale | mutual termination agreement | Agreement by employer and employee to terminate on specified terms |
| accordo di buonuscita | severance agreement | Agreement providing severance payment upon termination, often in exchange for non-competition/confidentiality undertakings |
| transazione in sede protetta | protected-venue settlement | Settlement of employment dispute reached through mediation or conciliation in formal setting (not same as UK "settlement agreement") |

## Italian Compensation Terms

| Italian term | English equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| retribuzione / compenso | remuneration / salary | Total compensation for work performed |
| retribuzione annua lorda / RAL | gross annual salary | Total salary before deductions (tax, social security); standard Italian HR term "RAL" |
| retribuzione netta | net salary | Salary after deductions |
| busta paga | payslip | Monthly salary statement |
| tredicesima mensilità | thirteenth month's salary | Additional month's salary paid at year-end (Italian and other European practice) |
| quattordicesima mensilità | fourteenth month's salary | Additional month's salary paid at specified time (Italian and other European practice); less common than tredicesima |
| TFR / trattamento di fine rapporto | severance indemnity / end-of-service allowance | Statutory entitlement under Article 2120 Italian Civil Code; accrues throughout employment (nominally ~1 month per year) and is paid upon termination (retirement, resignation, dismissal, death); transferred to supplementary pension fund or TFR fund; NO exact common-law equivalent |
| indennità di fine rapporto | severance pay | Payment upon termination (may be statutory TFR or contractual severance) |
| indennità sostitutiva del preavviso | payment in lieu of notice | Payment by employer in place of working notice period |
| buonuscita / incentivo all'esodo | severance package / ex gratia payment | Discretionary severance or early-exit incentive (often used in redundancy programs, "esodo incentivato") |
| superminimo | supplementary allowance | Additional fixed payment beyond base salary required by CCNL |
| premio di risultato / bonus | performance bonus | Variable compensation for achieving targets |
| MBO / management by objectives | MBO / management bonus | Management bonus linked to organizational/personal objectives |
| stock option | stock options | Right to purchase company shares at specified price |
| piano di incentivazione | incentive plan | Structured scheme providing performance incentives |
| benefit / fringe benefit | benefit / fringe benefit | Non-cash compensation (car, insurance, pension, etc.) |
| auto aziendale | company car | Vehicle provided by employer for business/personal use |
| assicurazione sanitaria integrativa | supplementary health insurance | Health coverage beyond mandatory state system |
| fondo pensione complementare | supplementary pension fund | Occupational pension beyond mandatory INPS |
| contributi previdenziali | social security contributions | Mandatory employer/employee contributions to Italian social security (INPS, INAIL, etc.) |
| contributi a carico del datore di lavoro | employer contributions | Employer's mandatory contributions to INPS, INAIL, etc. |
| contributi a carico del lavoratore | employee contributions | Employee's contributions, typically deducted from salary |
| INPS | INPS (Italian Institute for Social Security) | Italian national social security institute (Istituto Nazionale della Previdenza Sociale) |
| INAIL | INAIL (Italian workplace insurance institute) | Italian workplace injury/occupational disease insurance (Istituto Nazionale per l'Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro) |

## Italian Working Conditions Terms

| Italian term | English equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| orario di lavoro | working hours | Standard hours per week as specified in contract and CCNL |
| orario a tempo pieno | full-time hours | Standard full-time hours (typically 35-40 hours per week in Italy) |
| lavoro straordinario | overtime | Work performed beyond contractual hours; paid premium rate |
| lavoro notturno | night work | Work during designated night period (typically 22:00-06:00 in Italian law) |
| lavoro festivo | work on public holidays | Work on statutory public holidays; additional compensation required |
| ferie / congedo annuale | annual leave / holiday entitlement | Paid vacation time (minimum 20 days in Italy, often more by CCNL) |
| permessi retribuiti | paid leave | Paid time off for specified purposes |
| congedo di maternità | maternity leave | Paid leave for female employee before/after childbirth (approximately 5 months in Italy) |
| congedo di paternità | paternity leave | Paid mandatory paternity leave for father on child birth (10 working days in Italy since Law 234/2021; additional 1-day optional leave) |
| congedo parentale | parental leave | Parental leave usable until child turns 12 (Legislative Decree 151/2001 as amended); combined cap of 10 months between both parents (extendable to 11 if father takes ≥3 months); each parent entitled to up to 6 months individually; three months indemnified at 80% (bonus 2024) and further months at 30%, subject to income conditions |
| malattia / assenza per malattia | sick leave | Absence due to illness; some paid (determined by CCNL and law) |
| periodo di comporto | protected sick leave period | Maximum period employer must tolerate sick leave before dismissal (Italian law concept; typically 180 days per Article 2110 Civil Code); payment and period determined by CCNL |
| infortunio sul lavoro | workplace accident / occupational injury | Physical injury arising from work (insured through INAIL) |
| sede di lavoro | place of work | Specified location where employee performs work |
| trasferta | business travel / posting | Temporary assignment requiring work in different location (not same as "secondment" / "distacco") |
| smart working / lavoro agile | remote working / agile working | Work from location other than employer premises using electronic communication; regulated by Italian law (Law 81/2017) |
| telelavoro | telework | Regular work from home or remote location; formal arrangement in Italian law |
| mansioni | duties / role | Tasks and responsibilities assigned to employee; change regulated by Italian law (employee has right to resist unjustified demotion) |
| inquadramento | classification / grading | Assignment of employee to contractual level/category under applicable CCNL |
| livello contrattuale | contractual grade / pay grade | Specific wage category under CCNL (e.g., "impiegato di 2° livello") |
| qualifica | job title / qualification | Official designation of position and qualifications required |

## Italian Employment Categories (statutory classifications)

| Italian term | English equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| dirigente | executive / senior manager | Italian statutory employment category (not just job title); distinct rules for dismissal, notice (typically 1 month), severance, and benefits; requires significant decision-making authority; high salary; NOT entitled to TFR (instead TFR-equivalent paid as separate fund or to supplementary pension); equivalent to "C-suite" or senior management but more legally defined |
| quadro | middle manager | Italian statutory employment category; intermediate between "impiegato" and "dirigente"; decision-making role; sometimes called "quadri" (plural); dismissal and notice rules distinct |
| impiegato | white-collar employee | Italian statutory employment category; office worker, professional, administrative role; may have sub-levels under CCNL (e.g., 1°, 2°, 3° level); entitled to TFR; standard dismissal/notice rules |
| operaio | blue-collar worker | Italian statutory employment category; manual/production worker; may have sub-levels under CCNL; entitled to TFR; standard dismissal/notice rules |

## Italian Dismissal and Termination Terms

| Italian term | English equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| licenziamento | dismissal / termination | Employer-initiated termination of employment |
| licenziamento per giusta causa | dismissal for just cause / summary dismissal | Dismissal for serious misconduct by employee; immediate termination without notice (Italian law, Article 2119 Civil Code); distinct from "giustificato motivo" |
| licenziamento per giustificato motivo soggettivo | dismissal for justified subjective reason | Dismissal based on employee conduct falling short of serious misconduct (Article 3, Law 604/1966); requires notice period; distinct from "giusta causa" (Article 2119 Civil Code) |
| licenziamento per giustificato motivo oggettivo | dismissal for justified objective reason | Dismissal based on business needs, technological change, redundancy, company restructuring (Article 3, Law 604/1966); requires notice and compliance; distinct from subjective grounds |
| licenziamento collettivo | collective dismissal / redundancy | Termination of multiple employees due to business closure, restructuring, or major reorganization; subject to special procedure (notice, consultation, social plan) |
| licenziamento disciplinare | disciplinary dismissal | Dismissal following formal disciplinary procedure for employee misconduct |
| dimissioni | resignation | Employee-initiated termination; typically requires notice period |
| dimissioni per giusta causa | constructive dismissal / resignation for just cause | Employee resignation justified by serious breach of contract by employer; may entitle employee to severance as though dismissed; Italian concept aligned with constructive dismissal doctrine |
| preavviso | notice period | Duration before termination becomes effective; length varies by CCNL, employment level, and dismissal grounds (minimum 1 day for blue-collar; varies for others) |
| periodo di preavviso | notice period | Period employee/employer must wait after notification of termination |
| impugnazione del licenziamento | challenge of dismissal / unfair dismissal claim | Employee legal action challenging validity of dismissal |
| reintegrazione | reinstatement | Remedy restoring dismissed employee to position or equivalent (Italian law may order "reinstatement" or compensation depending on circumstances) |
| indennità risarcitoria | compensatory indemnity / damages | Monetary payment to employee for wrongful/unfair dismissal (Italian law determines whether "reinstatement" or "compensation" remedy applies based on dismissal grounds and procedural compliance) |
| tutela reale | real protection (reinstatement remedy) | Remedy requiring reinstatement of wrongfully dismissed employee (Italian law distinction; applies to procedural violations or unjustified dismissals) |
| tutela obbligatoria | obligatory protection (compensation remedy) | Monetary compensation instead of reinstatement for unfair dismissal (Italian law distinction; may apply instead of reinstatement in certain circumstances) |

## Italian Collective Labor Terms

| Italian term | English equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| CCNL / contratto collettivo nazionale di lavoro | national collective bargaining agreement (NCBA) | Master collective agreement at national level negotiated between employer associations and unions; specifies minimum terms for entire sector/industry (e.g., "CCNL Commercio" for retail, "CCNL Metalmeccanica" for engineering); mandatory in Italy; applies to all employees in covered sectors unless higher company agreement provides better terms; contains employment categories (dirigente, quadro, impiegato, operaio), salary scales, working hours, leave, notice periods, TFR treatment, disciplinary procedures, etc. |
| contratto integrativo aziendale | company-level collective agreement | Agreement negotiated at company level between employer and union/worker representatives; supplements or improves upon applicable CCNL |
| accordo sindacale | trade union agreement | Agreement reached between employer and union on specific employment matters |
| sindacato | trade union | Formal organization representing workers in negotiation with employers |
| rappresentanza sindacale aziendale / RSA | company trade union representation | Union-nominated worker representatives at company level (Italian law concept) |
| rappresentanza sindacale unitaria / RSU | unified trade union representation | Multi-union worker representation structure at company level (Italian law concept; unified representation across multiple unions) |
| assemblea dei lavoratori | workers' assembly | Formal meeting of employees to discuss collective matters |
| diritto di sciopero | right to strike | Legal entitlement to industrial action; limited in essential services |
| cassa integrazione guadagni / CIG | wage supplementation fund / short-time working scheme | Italian government support program providing partial income when employer reduces hours due to economic/technical difficulties |
| CIG ordinaria | ordinary wage supplementation | CIG for temporary economic difficulties (up to 12 months, extendable) |
| CIG straordinaria | extraordinary wage supplementation | CIG for major restructuring or crisis (extended period, typically longer than ordinaria) |
| mobilità (storica) | redundancy scheme (historic) | Former Italian program assisting workers displaced by restructuring; largely abolished by Law 92/2012 and phased out by 1 January 2017 under Jobs Act; current equivalents are NASpI (unemployment benefit, Legislative Decree 22/2015) and CIGS for major restructuring |
| procedura di licenziamento collettivo | collective redundancy procedure | Legal procedure for mass dismissals (notice, consultation, social plan required; typically minimum 1-2 months notice, varies by numbers affected) |
| consultazione sindacale | trade union consultation | Mandatory employer consultation with unions/worker representatives on significant employment decisions (e.g., restructuring, mass dismissals) |

## Italian Secondment and Agency Terms

| Italian term | English equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| distacco | secondment | Temporary assignment of employee from home employer to work for host company while retaining employment relationship with home employer; Italian concept (Article 30, Legislative Decree 276/2003 — Biagi reform); may trigger EU Posted Workers Directive (96/71/EC, updated 2018/957) if cross-border |
| distacco transnazionale | cross-border posting / transnational secondment | Secondment across borders; EU Posted Workers Directive applies (Directive 96/71/EC) requiring home country employment/posting conditions; updated by Directive 2018/957/EU |
| impresa distaccante | seconding company | Employer retaining employment relationship with seconded worker; provides wages/benefits; responsible for employment law compliance |
| impresa utilizzatrice | host company | Employer using seconded worker's services; typically not party to employment contract (though may direct work) |
| lavoratore distaccato | seconded employee / posted worker | Employee temporarily working for host company while retained by seconding company |
| somministrazione di lavoro | temporary agency work | Supply of workers by employment agency to client employer; currently regulated by Articles 30 et seq. Legislative Decree 276/2003 (Biagi reform) as amended by Legislative Decree 81/2015 (Jobs Act). Earlier "lavoro interinale" was introduced by Law 196/1997 (Pacchetto Treu) and has since been superseded |
| agenzia per il lavoro | temporary employment agency | Business licensed to recruit and supply temporary workers to client employers (regulated profession in Italy) |
| lavoratore somministrato | agency worker / temporary worker | Worker supplied by employment agency; technically employed by agency while performing work for client |

## Italian Section Headings

| Italian source | English equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| MANSIONI E INQUADRAMENTO | DUTIES AND CLASSIFICATION | Duties assigned and employee's position within organizational/CCNL hierarchy |
| RETRIBUZIONE | REMUNERATION | Salary and compensation structure |
| FERIE E PERMESSI | LEAVE AND TIME OFF | Annual leave, sick leave, parental leave, other absences |
| OBBLIGHI DEL LAVORATORE | EMPLOYEE'S OBLIGATIONS | Employee duties to employer (confidentiality, diligence, etc.) |
| RISERVATEZZA | CONFIDENTIALITY | Protection of employer's confidential information |
| NON CONCORRENZA | NON-COMPETE | Non-compete clause during and/or after employment |
| PROPRIETÀ INTELLETTUALE | INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY | Ownership of work product, inventions, IP created during employment |
| RISOLUZIONE DEL RAPPORTO | TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT | Dismissal, resignation, and termination procedures |
| DISCIPLINA / PROCEDIMENTO DISCIPLINARE | DISCIPLINARY PROCEDURE | Formal disciplinary process for employee misconduct |

## Key Translation Notes

- **CCNL (Contratto Collettivo Nazionale di Lavoro)**: Master collective agreement governing entire sector/industry.
  Mandatory in Italian employment law. In English translation, retain CCNL abbreviation with full English name on
  first use (e.g., "CCNL Commercio, the National Collective Bargaining Agreement for the Retail Sector").
  Key content: employment categories, salary grades, working hours, leave entitlements, notice periods, TFR
  treatment, disciplinary procedures, etc.

- **"Giusta causa" vs "giustificato motivo"**: Critical distinction in Italian law with different legal consequences:
  * Giusta causa (Article 2119 Civil Code): serious misconduct; allows immediate dismissal without notice; employee
    not entitled to notice pay; less favorable severance
  * Giustificato motivo (Article 2119, Law 604/1966): lesser grounds; requires notice period; full severance/TFR;
    procedural requirements more relaxed
  Do NOT conflate or translate both as "dismissal for cause"; maintain Italian legal framework.

- **Employment categories** (dirigente, quadro, impiegato, operaio): Statutory Italian classifications under CCNL
  with distinct rules on notice, severance, dismissal, benefits. Not arbitrary job titles. In English translation:
  * Dirigente = executive/senior manager (distinct rules; shorter notice; no TFR paid directly; often higher
    compensation; typically 1-month notice)
  * Quadro = middle manager (intermediate status; enhanced notice/dismissal protection; entitled to TFR)
  * Impiegato = white-collar/professional (may have sub-levels 1°, 2°, 3° under CCNL; entitled to TFR)
  * Operaio = blue-collar/manual worker (may have sub-levels under CCNL; entitled to TFR)
  Note Italian category in sub-lexicon; translate to English-language description in main lexicon.

- **TFR (Trattamento di Fine Rapporto)**: Article 2120 Italian Civil Code. Statutory severance accruing annually
  (~1/13.5 monthly salary per year), paid upon termination (retirement, resignation, dismissal, death). NO exact
  common-law equivalent. Translate as "severance indemnity" or "end-of-service allowance" and retain "TFR" in
  parentheses on first use. Note: Dirigente may not receive TFR directly (instead TFR-equivalent paid to pension
  fund or separate arrangement).

- **"Comporto" (protected sick leave period)**: Italian law concept. Maximum cumulative period employer must tolerate
  before dismissal becomes lawful (typically 180 days per Article 2110 Civil Code, but determined by CCNL and case
  law; varies by sector and company agreement). Not same as "protected sick leave" in UK/US context.

- **Dismissal remedies**: Italian law provides two remedies for procedurally invalid/unjustified dismissals:
  * Tutela reale (reinstatement remedy): restoration to position or equivalent plus back pay
  * Tutela obbligatoria (compensation remedy): monetary compensation instead of reinstatement
  Both may apply depending on dismissal grounds and procedural violations. Do NOT use UK "unfair dismissal" standard
  unless source specifically maps to it.

- **"Somministrazione di lavoro"** (temporary agency work): Regulated by Articles 30 et seq. Legislative Decree
  276/2003 (Biagi reform) as amended by Legislative Decree 81/2015 (Jobs Act); earlier "lavoro interinale" was
  introduced by Law 196/1997 and has since been superseded. Distinct from secondment (distacco). Agency is the
  legal employer; client is only user of services. Subject to equal treatment rules (pay, benefits, working
  conditions vs direct employees of client).

- **"Distacco"** (secondment): Temporary assignment while retaining home employer. Regulated by Article 30,
  Legislative Decree 276/2003 (Biagi reform). If cross-border, EU Posted Workers Directive applies (96/71/EC,
  updated 2018/957). Different from "trasferta" (business travel).

- **Jobs Act references**: Italian employment law underwent major reform with Legislative Decree 23/2015 (Jobs Act).
  Key changes: eliminated co.co.co. as standard form; introduced "genuinely independent" criteria for contracts;
  modified dismissal remedies for smaller companies (different compensation caps); changed probationary rules;
  enhanced protection for permanent contracts. If source references pre- or post-Jobs Act law, note distinction in
  sub-lexicon.

- **Notice periods**: Vary by CCNL, employment level, and dismissal grounds. Examples:
  * Blue-collar ("operaio"): often 1-2 days notice
  * Office/professional ("impiegato"): typically 1-2 months
  * Middle management ("quadro"): typically 1-3 months
  * Executive ("dirigente"): typically 1 month (often shorter than impiegato)
  Always reference applicable CCNL or employment law for specific notice period.

- **CIG (Cassa Integrazione Guadagni)**: Italian wage supplementation fund. Government-sponsored program providing
  partial income (typically 80% of wage) to employees whose hours are reduced due to temporary economic/technical
  difficulties (CIG ordinaria) or major restructuring (CIG straordinaria). Worker remains employed; not same as
  unemployment benefits. Duration varies by type and government authorization.

- **Mobilità**: Italian redundancy scheme providing income support to workers displaced by restructuring. Distinct
  from CIG; signals likely permanent dismissal following restructuring.

- **INPS / INAIL**: Mandatory insurance schemes:
  * INPS (Istituto Nazionale della Previdenza Sociale): national social security institute; administers pensions,
    unemployment, maternity, disability benefits
  * INAIL (Istituto Nazionale per l'Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro): workplace injury insurance;
    employer pays contribution; covers workplace accidents and occupational diseases

- **Collective redundancy procedure (procedura di licenziamento collettivo)**: Required when employer dismisses
  multiple employees due to restructuring. Mandatory consultation with unions, social plan negotiation, minimum
  notice (varies by numbers affected, typically 1-2 months). Failure to follow procedure may invalidate dismissals.

## Additional Lawlinguists-validated Italian Employment Mappings

| Italian | English |
|---|---|
| lavoro subordinato | dependent / subordinate employment (Art. 2094 CC) |
| lavoro autonomo | self-employment / independent work (Art. 2222 CC — contratto d'opera) |
| lavoro parasubordinato | quasi-dependent work (originally co.co.co.; post-Jobs Act: collaborazioni organizzate dal committente) |
| collaborazione coordinata e continuativa (co.co.co.) | coordinated and continuous collaboration (pre-Jobs Act; largely eliminated) |
| prestazione di lavoro | performance of work / labor performance |
| retribuzione base | base salary / basic wage |
| minimo tabellare | minimum contractual wage (per CCNL level) |
| scatto di anzianità | seniority increment |
| indennità di contingenza | cost-of-living allowance (historic — largely abolished) |
| EDR (Elemento Distinto della Retribuzione) | distinct remuneration element (historic component of Italian salary structure) |
| lavoro straordinario notturno | night overtime |
| lavoro a turni | shift work |
| reperibilità | on-call availability |
| ferie non godute | untaken holiday / accrued untaken leave |
| permessi ROL (Riduzione Orario di Lavoro) | working-time reduction leave |
| permessi ex festività | leave in lieu of former public holidays |
| esodo incentivato | voluntary exit scheme |
| contratto di solidarietà | solidarity contract (working-hour reduction avoiding redundancies; Art. 21 Legislative Decree 148/2015) |
| cassa integrazione guadagni ordinaria (CIGO) | ordinary wage supplementation fund |
| cassa integrazione guadagni straordinaria (CIGS) | extraordinary wage supplementation fund |
| Fondo di Integrazione Salariale (FIS) | wage supplementation fund (for sectors not covered by CIGO/CIGS) |
| Assegno di Integrazione Salariale (AIS) | wage supplementation allowance |
| NASpI (Nuova Assicurazione Sociale per l'Impiego) | new employment social insurance / unemployment benefit (Legislative Decree 22/2015) |
| DIS-COLL | unemployment benefit for parasubordinate workers |
| licenziamento nullo | null dismissal (e.g., discriminatory or retaliatory — leads to reinstatement regardless of company size) |
| licenziamento annullabile | voidable dismissal |
| licenziamento inefficace | ineffective dismissal (for formal/procedural defects) |
| tutele crescenti | incremental protections (the Jobs Act dismissal regime for workers hired after 7 March 2015; Legislative Decree 23/2015) |
| massimo legale | statutory cap (on dismissal indemnity) |
| conciliazione stragiudiziale | out-of-court conciliation |
| conciliazione in sede sindacale | union-mediated settlement (protected venue — not challengeable by the employee) |
| conciliazione in sede protetta | protected-venue settlement |
| accordo transattivo | settlement agreement |
| rinuncia e transazione | waiver and settlement |
| rappresentanza sindacale aziendale (RSA) | company trade-union representative |
| rappresentanza sindacale unitaria (RSU) | unified workforce representation (the most common workplace union structure post-1993) |
| diritto di sciopero (Art. 40 Costituzione) | right to strike |
| sciopero bianco | work-to-rule |
| crumiraggio | strike-breaking |
| Statuto dei Lavoratori (Legge 300/1970) | Workers' Statute (Law 300/1970) |
| Art. 18 Statuto dei Lavoratori | Article 18 Workers' Statute (unfair dismissal protection; substantially reformed by Law 92/2012 Fornero and Legislative Decree 23/2015 Jobs Act) |
| repêchage | repêchage duty (employer's duty to offer alternative role before dismissal for economic reasons) |
| giustificato motivo oggettivo per soppressione del posto | redundancy for role elimination |
| INAIL (Istituto Nazionale per l'Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro) | National Institute for Insurance against Workplace Accidents |
| INPS (Istituto Nazionale della Previdenza Sociale) | National Social Security Institute |
| contributi assistenziali | welfare contributions |
| aliquota contributiva | contribution rate |
| CUD / Certificazione Unica | single tax certificate (replacing former CUD — issued annually) |
| DURC (Documento Unico di Regolarità Contributiva) | single compliance document (certifying up-to-date social-security contributions — required for public contracts) |
