# Japanese — Transport and Insurance Sub-Lexicon

Combines Japanese-language transport and insurance vocabulary. Part 1 covers maritime, road, rail, air and multimodal transport: carriage contracts, bills of lading, charterparties, freight forwarding, carrier liability. Part 2 covers insurance contracts, life and non-life lines, reinsurance, brokers, claims handling and regulatory framework. Marine/transport insurance (cargo, hull, P&I, carrier liability) sits at the intersection.

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## Part 1 — Transport and Shipping

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Japanese shipping and transport legal
terms to their correct English equivalents.

## Core Shipping Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 運送契約 / 貨物運送契約 | contract of carriage |
| 海上運送契約 | contract of carriage by sea |
| 傭船契約 / 用船契約 | charter party |
| 定期傭船 / 期間用船 | time charter |
| 航海傭船 / 航次用船 | voyage charter |
| 裸傭船 / 裸用船 | bareboat charter / demise charter |
| 船荷証券 (B/L) | bill of lading (B/L) |
| 船積船荷証券 | on-board bill of lading |
| 受取船荷証券 | received-for-shipment bill of lading |
| 通し船荷証券 | through bill of lading |
| 指図式船荷証券 | order bill of lading |
| 海上運送状 | sea waybill |
| 船舶所有者 / 船主 | shipowner |
| 運送人 | carrier |
| 荷送人 | shipper |
| 荷受人 | consignee |
| 貨物 / 積荷 | cargo / freight |
| 一般貨物 / 雑貨 | general cargo |
| ばら積み貨物 | bulk cargo |
| コンテナ貨物 | containerised (UK) / containerized (US) cargo |
| 船積港 | port of loading |
| 荷揚港 / 仕向港 | port of discharge / port of destination |
| 滞船料 | demurrage |
| ディテンション | detention |
| 停泊期間 / 荷役時間 | laytime |
| 早出料 | dispatch / despatch money |
| 海損 | average (maritime) |
| 共同海損 | general average |
| 単独海損 | particular average |
| 海難救助 | salvage |

## Land Transport Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 陸上運送人 | carrier (road/rail) |
| 貨物運送取扱事業 | freight forwarding business |
| 貨物利用運送事業者 / フォワーダー | freight forwarder |
| 複合運送 / マルチモーダル運送 | multimodal transport / combined transport |
| 貨物保険 / 運送保険 | cargo insurance / transport insurance |
| 危険物 / 危険品 | dangerous goods / hazardous goods |
| 載荷重量 | loading weight |
| 積載能力 | carrying capacity / payload |
| 積替え / トランシップ | transhipment (UK) / transshipment (US) |
| 倉庫寄託契約 | warehousing agreement / storage agreement |
| 倉庫業者 | warehouseman / warehouse keeper |
| 倉荷証券 | warehouse receipt |

## Insurance and Liability Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 海上保険 | marine insurance |
| 船体保険 | hull and machinery insurance |
| P&I保険 / 船主責任保険 | protection and indemnity (P&I) insurance |
| 貨物海上保険 | marine cargo insurance |
| 運送人の責任制限 | limitation of liability (carrier) |
| 免責事由 | exclusion of liability / defence (UK) / defense (US) |
| 運送人の過失 | fault of the carrier |
| 貨物管理義務 / 注意義務 | custody liability / duty of care |
| 貨物損害通知 | notice of claim / notice of loss |
| 損害賠償請求 | claim |
| 過失相殺 | contributory negligence |
| 海事宣言 / 海難報告書 | sea protest / maritime protest |

## Port and Terminal Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 港湾 / 港 | port / harbour (UK) / harbor (US) |
| 港湾管理者 | port authority |
| コンテナターミナル | container terminal |
| 岸壁 / バース | berth / quay |
| 錨地 | anchorage |
| 水先人 / パイロット | pilot |
| 曳船 / タグボート | tug / tugboat |
| 港湾使用料 | port charges |
| 岸壁使用料 | berth charges |
| 保管料 | storage charges |
| 通関 / 関税手続 | customs clearance |
| 保税倉庫 | bonded warehouse |

## Incoterms and Trade Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 貿易条件 / インコタームズ | delivery terms / Incoterms |
| 本船渡し (FOB) | free on board (FOB) |
| 運賃保険料込 (CIF) | cost, insurance and freight (CIF) |
| 関税込持込渡し (DDP) | delivered duty paid (DDP) |
| 仕向地持込渡し (DAP) | delivered at place (DAP) |
| 工場渡し (EXW) | ex works (EXW) |
| 船側渡し (FAS) | free alongside ship (FAS) |

## Section Headings

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 目的 / 対象 | SUBJECT MATTER |
| 運送人の義務 | CARRIER'S OBLIGATIONS |
| 運賃 | FREIGHT / REMUNERATION |
| 運送人の責任 | CARRIER'S LIABILITY |
| 保険 | INSURANCE |
| 引渡条件 | DELIVERY TERMS |
| 危険負担 | PASSING OF RISK |
| 損害通知 | NOTICE OF CLAIM |
| 消滅時効 | LIMITATION |

## Notes

- **Commercial Code (商法) — Transport provisions**: Japan's Commercial Code governs
  domestic carriage (land and sea). The maritime transport provisions (Arts. 684-851) were
  substantially revised in 2018. Reference as "Commercial Code" on first mention.
- **International Maritime Carriage of Goods Act (国際海上物品運送法)**: Implements the
  Hague-Visby Rules for international maritime carriage. Reference as "International
  Maritime Carriage of Goods Act" on first mention.
- **"共同海損"**: General average — Japanese practice follows the York-Antwerp Rules.
  The Commercial Code provisions (Arts. 788-798) supplement the Rules.
- **"運送人の責任制限"**: Under the Commercial Code reform (2018), the carrier's liability
  for domestic sea carriage is now based on the Hague-Visby Rules limitation regime.
  Flag when translating liability provisions.
- **"倉荷証券" (warehouse receipt)**: A negotiable document of title under Japanese
  Commercial Code. The warehouseman must deliver goods against presentation of the
  receipt. Translate as "warehouse receipt" and note its negotiable character.
- **"貨物利用運送事業"**: Freight forwarding is regulated under the Freight Forwarding
  Business Act (貨物利用運送事業法). The freight forwarder may be classified as a carrier
  or an agent depending on the arrangement. Flag the classification.

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## Part 2 — Insurance and Reinsurance

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Japanese insurance legal terms to their
correct English equivalents.

## Core Insurance Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 保険契約 | insurance contract / policy |
| 保険証券 | insurance policy (document) |
| 保険者 / 保険会社 | insurer / insurance company |
| 保険契約者 | policyholder |
| 被保険者 | insured / assured |
| 保険金受取人 | beneficiary |
| 保険料 | premium |
| 保険金 | insurance proceeds / benefit |
| 保険金額 / 保険金の額 | sum insured / insured amount |
| 保険価額 | insurable value |
| 超過保険 | over-insurance |
| 一部保険 | under-insurance |
| 重複保険 | double insurance |
| 保険期間 | policy period / insurance period |
| 保険事故 | insured event / loss event |
| 損害 / 損失 | loss / damage |
| 保険金請求 | claim / insurance claim |

## Types of Insurance

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 損害保険 | non-life insurance / general insurance |
| 生命保険 | life insurance |
| 火災保険 | fire insurance |
| 賠償責任保険 | liability insurance |
| 自動車保険 | motor insurance |
| 傷害保険 | accident insurance / personal accident insurance |
| 企業総合賠償責任保険 (CGL) | commercial general liability (CGL) |
| 役員賠償責任保険 (D&O保険) | directors' and officers' liability insurance (D&O) |
| サイバー保険 | cyber insurance |
| 建設工事保険 (CAR) | contractor's all risks insurance (CAR) |
| 運送保険 / 貨物保険 | cargo insurance / transit insurance |
| 再保険 | reinsurance |
| 元受保険 | direct insurance / primary insurance |

## Coverage and Exclusion Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 担保範囲 / 補償範囲 | scope of cover / coverage |
| 免責事由 / 免責条項 | exclusion / exclusion clause |
| 免責金額 / 自己負担額 | excess (UK) / deductible (US) |
| 填補限度額 | policy limit / indemnity limit |
| 特約 / 特別条項 | endorsement / rider |
| 保険約款 / 普通保険約款 | general policy conditions |
| 特別約款 | special conditions |
| オールリスク | all risks |
| 列挙危険 | named perils |
| 故意免責 | intentional act exclusion |
| 戦争免責 | war exclusion |
| 地震免責 | earthquake exclusion |
| 原因事由 | proximate cause |
| 利得禁止の原則 | principle of indemnity |
| 代位 | subrogation |
| 告知義務 | duty of disclosure / duty of utmost good faith |
| 告知義務違反 | breach of duty of disclosure / misrepresentation |

## Section Headings

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 保険の目的 | SUBJECT MATTER OF INSURANCE |
| 担保範囲 | COVERAGE |
| 免責事項 | EXCLUSIONS |
| 保険金の支払 | PAYMENT OF CLAIMS |
| 解除 | CANCELLATION |
| 一般条項 | GENERAL CONDITIONS |

## Notes

- **Insurance Act (保険法)**: Enacted 2008, effective 2010. Japan's principal insurance
  contract legislation. Replaces the insurance provisions formerly in the Commercial Code.
  Reference as "Insurance Act" on first mention.
- **Insurance Business Act (保険業法)**: The regulatory statute governing insurance
  companies, intermediaries, and market conduct. Administered by the Financial Services
  Agency (FSA/金融庁). Reference as "Insurance Business Act".
- **"告知義務" (duty of disclosure)**: Under the Insurance Act, the policyholder and
  insured must accurately disclose material facts at the time of application. Breach can
  lead to policy cancellation. The standard is narrower than the UK's pre-2015 regime.
  Translate as "duty of disclosure" and note the scope.
- **"免責金額" / "自己負担額"**: The deductible / excess. Japanese practice uses both terms.
  免責金額 is more common in commercial policies. Translate as "deductible" or "excess (UK)"
  depending on the target audience.
- **"代位" (subrogation)**: Under the Insurance Act, the insurer is subrogated to the
  insured's rights against third parties to the extent of payment. This is statutory
  (Art. 25). Translate as "subrogation".
- **Earthquake insurance**: Japan has a government-backed earthquake insurance system for
  residential properties. Commercial earthquake coverage is separate. Flag the applicable
  scheme when translating.
