# Japanese — Finance / Banking Sub-Lexicon

> **Scope.** This sub-lexicon covers two closely-related domains in a single per-language file: **Finance & Banking** (primary) and **Trading & Capital Markets**. The two were merged here because their vocabulary overlaps heavily (debt instruments, securities, exchange regulation) and translators typically need both at once. The two cross-language English-reference lexicons remain split: see `references/finance-banking.md` and `references/trading-capital-markets.md` as separate files.


Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Japanese project and structured finance
legal terms to their correct English equivalents.

## Core Finance Document Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 融資契約 / ローン契約 | loan agreement / credit agreement |
| シンジケートローン契約 | syndicated loan agreement |
| タームローン | term loan |
| リボルビング・クレジット・ファシリティ | revolving credit facility |
| ブリッジローン | bridge loan |
| プロジェクトファイナンス | project finance |
| ストラクチャードファイナンス | structured finance |
| アレンジャー / 幹事行 | arranger / lead arranger |
| エージェント / 代理人 | facility agent |
| セキュリティ・エージェント / 担保代理人 | security agent |
| 借入人 | borrower |
| 貸付人 / 貸主 | lender |
| 保証人 | guarantor |
| 連帯保証 | joint and several guarantee |
| 保証 / 保証書 | guarantee |
| 経営者保証 | personal guarantee (of a director) |
| コミットメントレター | commitment letter |
| 貸出条件書 / タームシート | term sheet |

## Drawdown and Repayment Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 実行前提条件 | conditions precedent (to drawdown) |
| 実行 / 貸付実行 | drawdown / disbursement |
| 返済 / 弁済 | repayment / redemption |
| 期限前返済 / 繰上返済 | prepayment / early repayment |
| ブレーク・ファンディング・コスト | break funding cost / break cost |
| 期限前返済補償金 | prepayment penalty |
| 分割返済 | amortisation (UK) / amortization (US) |
| 期限一括返済 / バルーン返済 | bullet repayment |
| 利息 | interest |
| 基準金利 / 参照金利 | reference rate / benchmark rate |
| TIBOR (東京銀行間取引金利) | Tokyo Interbank Offered Rate (TIBOR) |
| スプレッド / 利鞘 | margin / spread |
| コミットメントフィー | commitment fee |
| アレンジメントフィー / 組成手数料 | arrangement fee |
| エージェントフィー | agent fee |
| 遅延損害金 | default interest / late payment interest |

## Representations and Covenants

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 表明及び保証 | representations and warranties |
| 誓約事項 / コベナンツ | covenants / undertakings |
| 積極的誓約事項 | affirmative covenants |
| 消極的誓約事項 / 制限条項 | negative covenants / restrictive covenants |
| 財務制限条項 / 財務コベナンツ | financial covenants |
| 純有利子負債倍率 | net debt / EBITDA ratio |
| 自己資本比率 | equity ratio |
| インタレスト・カバレッジ・レシオ | interest cover ratio |
| 期限の利益の喪失 | acceleration / loss of benefit of time |
| 債務不履行事由 | event of default |
| 重大な悪影響 / MAC | material adverse change (MAC) |
| クロスデフォルト | cross-default |
| 情報提供義務 | information undertaking / reporting obligation |
| 重要な変更の事前承諾 | prior consent for material changes |

## Security Terms (Finance)

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 担保 / 担保物 | security / collateral |
| 株式質権 | share pledge / equity pledge |
| 債権質 | pledge of receivables |
| 動産譲渡担保 | security transfer of movables |
| 集合動産譲渡担保 | floating security transfer of movables |
| 債権譲渡担保 | security assignment of receivables |
| 所有権留保 | retention of title |
| 優先権 / 先取特権 | priority / statutory lien |
| 劣後 | subordination |
| パリパス条項 | pari passu clause |
| ネガティブ・プレッジ条項 | negative pledge clause |
| 担保権実行 | enforcement of security |
| 債権者間契約 | intercreditor agreement |

## Section Headings

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 定義 | DEFINITIONS |
| ファシリティ / 融資枠 | FACILITY |
| 利息及び手数料 | INTEREST AND FEES |
| 返済 | REPAYMENT |
| 誓約事項 | COVENANTS |
| 担保 | SECURITY |
| 一般条項 / 雑則 | MISCELLANEOUS |
| 特約 / 特記事項 | SPECIAL CONDITIONS |
| 前文 / 背景 | RECITALS |
| 準拠法及び裁判管轄 | GOVERNING LAW AND JURISDICTION |

## Notes

- **Japanese syndicated loan market**: The Japanese Bankers Association (JBA/全銀協) and
  the Japan Syndication and Loan-Trading Association (JSLA) publish model syndicated loan
  agreements. These are widely used and the terminology should be followed.
- **"根抵当権" (ne-teitōken / revolving mortgage)**: A uniquely Japanese security interest
  that secures an indeterminate number of claims up to a registered maximum amount. No exact
  common law equivalent — closest analogue is a floating charge limited to a maximum amount.
  Always transliterate and explain.
- **"譲渡担保"**: A security transfer unique to Japanese practice — the borrower transfers
  title to the creditor as security, with a contractual right of redemption. Not codified
  in the Civil Code but recognised by courts. Translate as "security by way of transfer"
  or "security assignment" and note the Japanese law context.
- **"期限の利益の喪失"**: The acceleration mechanism in Japanese law — the borrower loses
  the benefit of time (right to repay in instalments), making the full amount immediately
  due. Translate as "acceleration" with the literal meaning as a gloss.
- **TIBOR**: The Tokyo Interbank Offered Rate — Japan's primary benchmark rate. Being
  phased out for some products in favour of TONA (Tokyo Overnight Average Rate). Flag
  which benchmark applies.
- **"経営者保証" (personal guarantee by directors)**: Common in Japanese lending practice
  but subject to the Guidelines on Personal Guarantee by Business Owners (2013). These
  guidelines limit personal guarantees for SME directors. Flag when translating.

- **Banking Act (銀行法)**: Japan's principal banking legislation. Administered by the
  Financial Services Agency (FSA/金融庁). Reference as "Banking Act" on first mention.
- **"根抵当権" (revolving mortgage)**: Secures an indeterminate number of claims up to a
  registered maximum amount. Common in Japanese banking practice for revolving credit
  facilities. No exact common law equivalent. Transliterate and explain.
- **"譲渡担保"**: Security by way of transfer — a non-statutory security interest recognised
  by Japanese courts. Title is transferred to the creditor as security. The 2024 Security
  Law Reform Bill proposes to codify this mechanism. Flag pending reforms.
- **FSA (金融庁)**: The Financial Services Agency is Japan's integrated financial regulator.
  It supervises banks, insurance companies, and securities firms. Reference as "Financial
  Services Agency (FSA)" on first mention.
- **"犯罪収益移転防止法"**: Japan's AML legislation — equivalent to anti-money laundering
  laws in other jurisdictions. Administered by the National Police Agency (NPA) and the
  Japan Financial Intelligence Center (JAFIC). Translate as "Act on Prevention of Transfer
  of Criminal Proceeds".
- **Basel III implementation**: Japan implements Basel III through FSA regulations.
  Japanese banks are classified as "internationally active" or "domestic" — different
  capital requirements apply. Flag the applicable standard.

## Additional Guarantee / Credit-Support Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 通常保証 / 催告の抗弁権あり | guarantee with benefit of excussion |
| 独立保証 / オンデマンド保証 | on-demand guarantee / independent guarantee |
| コンフォートレター / 支援意思表明書 | letter of comfort / letter of support |
| 権利質 | pledge of rights |

## Regulatory Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 銀行法 | Banking Act |
| 金融庁 (FSA) | Financial Services Agency (FSA) |
| 日本銀行 (日銀/BOJ) | Bank of Japan (BOJ) |
| 銀行業 | banking business |
| 免許 / 銀行免許 | banking licence (UK) / banking license (US) |
| 自己資本比率規制 | capital adequacy regulation |
| 自己資本比率 (BIS規制) | capital adequacy ratio (BIS requirements) |
| 普通株式等Tier 1 (CET1) | Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) |
| Tier 1資本 | Tier 1 capital |
| Tier 2資本 | Tier 2 capital |
| 流動性規制 | liquidity requirements |
| 大口信用供与規制 | large exposure rules |
| 報告義務 / 届出義務 | reporting obligations |
| 犯罪収益移転防止法 | Act on Prevention of Transfer of Criminal Proceeds |
| マネーロンダリング | money laundering |
| テロ資金供与 | terrorist financing |
| 本人確認 / 取引時確認 (KYC) | customer due diligence (CDD) / know your customer (KYC) |
| 疑わしい取引の届出 | suspicious transaction report (STR) |
| 制裁スクリーニング | sanctions screening |
| コンプライアンス | compliance |
| 破綻処理 | resolution / insolvency |
| 秩序ある処理の計画 | recovery and resolution plan |
| 預金保険 | deposit insurance |
| 預金保険機構 (DIC) | Deposit Insurance Corporation (DIC) |

## Payment and Account Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 決済サービス | payment service |
| 振込 / 銀行振込 | credit transfer / bank transfer |
| 口座振替 | direct debit |
| 全銀システム (全銀ネット) | Zengin System (domestic payment network) |
| 口座契約 | account agreement |
| 普通預金口座 | ordinary deposit account (retail savings-cum-transaction account); NB the dedicated "current account" is 当座預金口座, which is a separate product and translates as "current account (UK) / checking account (US)" |
| 定期預金 | time deposit / fixed-term deposit |
| エスクロー口座 | escrow account |
| 信用状 (L/C) | letter of credit (L/C) |
| 銀行保証 | bank guarantee |
| 資金移動業 | funds transfer service |
| 電子決済 | electronic payment |

## Standard Bilingual Dictionary (2006) — Additional Mappings

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 金銭消費貸借契約 | money loan for consumption agreement (Art. 587 Civil Code — the standard "loan" contract form in Japan) |
| 消費貸借 | loan for consumption (Art. 587 Civil Code — where the borrower consumes the fungible and returns the same kind/quantity) |
| 使用貸借 | loan for use / gratuitous bailment (Art. 593 Civil Code — the commodatum form) |
| 賃貸借 | lease |
| 質権 | pledge (Art. 342 Civil Code) |
| 動産質 | movable pledge |
| 不動産質 | immovable pledge |
| 先取特権 | statutory lien / preferential right |
| 抵当権 | mortgage (Art. 369 Civil Code) |
| 根抵当権 | revolving mortgage (Art. 398-2 Civil Code — secures multiple future claims up to a maximum amount — ne-teitōken) |
| 共同抵当 | co-mortgage (mortgage over multiple properties securing the same claim) |
| 譲渡担保 | security by way of transfer / security assignment (non-Code security recognised by case law) |
| 仮登記担保 | provisional-registration security (secured by provisional registration of transfer) |
| 動産及び債権譲渡対抗要件特例法 | Act on Special Provisions for Perfection of Assignments of Movables and Claims (enables perfection by registration at Legal Affairs Bureau) |
| 金融商品取引法 (金商法) | Financial Instruments and Exchange Act (FIEA) |
| 金融機関 | financial institution |
| 日本銀行 (日銀) | Bank of Japan |
| 信用金庫 | shinkin bank / credit union |
| 信用組合 | credit cooperative |
| 労働金庫 | labour bank |
| 農業協同組合 | agricultural cooperative |
| 保険業法 | Insurance Business Act |
| 信託法 | Trust Act (2006) |
| 信託業法 | Trust Business Act |
| 受託者 | trustee |
| 委託者 | settlor (trust context) |
| 受益者 | beneficiary |
| 信託財産 | trust property / trust assets |
| 自己信託 | declaration-of-trust (the settlor declaring himself trustee) |
| 投資信託 | investment trust |
| 投資法人 | investment corporation (J-REIT, investment vehicle under the Act on Investment Trusts and Investment Corporations) |
| 特定目的会社 (TMK) | special-purpose company (Japanese SPC for securitisation) |
| 資産流動化法 | Act on Securitisation of Assets |
| 貸金業法 | Money Lending Business Act |
| 貸金業者 | moneylender |
| 総量規制 | total-lending-volume restriction (Money Lending Business Act cap of 1/3 of annual income for consumer lending) |
| 利息制限法 | Interest Rate Restriction Act (caps annual interest at 15-20%) |
| 出資法 | Capital Subscription Act (criminal-law cap on interest — 20% p.a.) |
| 過払金 | overpayment (of interest — giving rise to restitution claims under the "grey-zone interest" jurisprudence) |

---

## Trading & Capital Markets — Japanese

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Japanese trading and capital markets
legal terms to their correct English equivalents.

## Core Capital Markets Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 資本市場 | capital market |
| 金融市場 / 短期金融市場 | money market |
| 有価証券 | security / securities |
| 有価証券の売買 | securities trading |
| 証券取引所 / 金融商品取引所 | stock exchange / financial instruments exchange |
| 東京証券取引所 (東証/TSE) | Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE) |
| プライム市場 | Prime Market |
| スタンダード市場 | Standard Market |
| グロース市場 | Growth Market |
| 上場廃止 / 上場廃止基準 | delisting |
| 有価証券届出書 | securities registration statement |
| 目論見書 / 交付目論見書 | prospectus |
| 発行者 / 発行会社 | issuer |
| 投資家 / 投資者 | investor |
| 機関投資家 | institutional investor |
| 個人投資家 | retail investor |
| 発行 | issuance / issue |
| 新規公開 / IPO | initial public offering (IPO) |
| 私募 / 私的発行 | private placement |
| 公募 | public offering |
| 申込期間 | subscription period |
| 発行価格 | issue price / subscription price |
| 超過需要 | oversubscription |
| 割当て / 配分 | allotment / allocation |

## Equity Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 株式 | share (UK) / stock (US) |
| 普通株式 | ordinary share (UK) / common stock (US) |
| 優先株式 | preference share (UK) / preferred stock (US) |
| 種類株式 | class shares |
| 新株予約権 | share acquisition right / stock acquisition right (warrant) |
| ストックオプション | stock option |
| 自己株式 | treasury shares / treasury stock |
| 増資 / 新株発行 | capital increase / issuance of new shares |
| 第三者割当増資 | third-party allotment |
| 公募増資 | public offering of new shares |
| 株式分割 | share split / stock split |
| 配当 | dividend |
| 株価 | share price / stock price |
| 株価収益率 (PER) | price-to-earnings ratio (P/E) |
| 株式公開買付 (TOB) | tender offer / takeover bid |
| 大量保有報告書 | large shareholding report |

## Debt Capital Markets Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 社債 | corporate bond |
| 国債 / 政府債 | government bond / sovereign bond |
| 地方債 | local government bond / municipal bond |
| 転換社債型新株予約権付社債 (CB) | convertible bond (CB) |
| コマーシャルペーパー (CP) | commercial paper (CP) |
| 中期社債プログラム (MTN) | medium-term note programme (UK) / program (US) (MTN) |
| 額面 / 額面金額 | nominal value / face value / par value |
| 発行総額 | aggregate principal amount |
| 利率 / クーポン | coupon / interest rate |
| 償還日 / 満期日 | maturity date / redemption date |
| 償還 | redemption / amortisation (UK) / amortization (US) |
| 期限前償還 | early redemption / call |
| 社債要項 | terms and conditions of the bonds |
| 社債管理者 | bond administrator / bond trustee |
| 社債管理補助者 | bond administration assistant |
| 社債権者集会 | bondholders' meeting |

## Derivatives and Trading Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| デリバティブ / 金融派生商品 | derivative |
| 先物取引 | futures contract |
| 先渡取引 | forward contract |
| オプション | option |
| コールオプション | call option |
| プットオプション | put option |
| スワップ | swap |
| 金利スワップ | interest rate swap |
| 通貨スワップ | currency swap |
| ISDAマスター契約 | ISDA Master Agreement |
| 証拠金 / マージン | margin |
| 追加証拠金 | margin call |
| 反対売買 / 手仕舞い | close-out |
| ネッティング / 差引計算 | netting |
| 時価 / 公正価値 | market value / fair value |
| 原資産 / 基礎資産 | underlying / underlying asset |

## Regulatory Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 金融商品取引法 (金商法/FIEA) | Financial Instruments and Exchange Act (FIEA) |
| 金融庁 (FSA) | Financial Services Agency (FSA) |
| 証券取引等監視委員会 (SESC) | Securities and Exchange Surveillance Commission (SESC) |
| インサイダー取引 | insider trading / insider dealing |
| 重要事実 | material fact |
| 開示 / 適時開示 | disclosure / timely disclosure |
| 臨時報告書 | extraordinary report |
| 有価証券報告書 | annual securities report |
| 公開買付 (TOB) | tender offer / takeover bid |
| 強制公開買付 | mandatory tender offer |
| 信用取引 | margin trading |
| 空売り / ショートセリング | short selling |
| 適合性の原則 | suitability requirement |
| 金融商品取引業者 | financial instruments business operator |
| 第一種金融商品取引業 | Type I financial instruments business |
| 第二種金融商品取引業 | Type II financial instruments business |

## Section Headings

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 発行条件 | TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF ISSUE |
| 有価証券の概要 | DESCRIPTION OF THE SECURITIES |
| リスク要因 | RISK FACTORS |
| 募集条件 | TERMS OF THE OFFER |
| 上場 | ADMISSION TO TRADING |
| 税務 | TAXATION |
| 引受及び販売 | SUBSCRIPTION AND SALE |
| 一般情報 | GENERAL INFORMATION |

## Notes

- **Financial Instruments and Exchange Act (FIEA/金商法)**: Japan's principal securities
  legislation, replacing the former Securities and Exchange Law in 2006. Covers a broad
  range of financial instruments including securities, derivatives, and collective investment
  schemes. Reference as "FIEA" on first mention.
- **TSE market restructuring (2022)**: The TSE restructured from five market segments
  (First Section, Second Section, Mothers, JASDAQ Standard, JASDAQ Growth) into three:
  Prime, Standard, and Growth. Use the current market names in translation.
- **"新株予約権" (share acquisition rights)**: A broad concept under the Companies Act
  covering warrants and stock options. The term does not map exactly to "warrant" or
  "option" — it is a statutory right to acquire shares. Translate as "share acquisition
  right" with context-specific gloss.
- **"社債管理者" vs "社債管理補助者"**: The Companies Act distinguishes between the bond
  administrator (社債管理者, with broad authority to act for bondholders) and the bond
  administration assistant (社債管理補助者, with limited authority, introduced by the 2019
  Companies Act revision). Flag which role applies.
- **Insider trading (FIEA)**: The FIEA insider trading regime (Arts. 166-167) is strictly
  enforced by the SESC. The concept of "material fact" (重要事実) is defined by statute.
  Translate precisely and flag the statutory definition.
