# Japanese — Consumer & Retail Sub-Lexicon

Auto-generated from translation experience. Maps Japanese consumer and retail legal terms
to their correct English equivalents.

## Core Consumer Law Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 消費者 | consumer |
| 事業者 | trader / business operator |
| 消費者契約 | consumer contract |
| 売買契約 (消費者) | consumer sale contract |
| 通信販売 / ネット通販 | distance selling / online purchase |
| 訪問販売 | door-to-door selling |
| 電話勧誘販売 | telephone solicitation |
| 消費者保護 | consumer protection |
| 消費者契約法 | Consumer Contract Act |
| 特定商取引法 (特商法) | Act on Specified Commercial Transactions |
| 約款 / 定型約款 | standard terms / standard form contract |
| 不当条項 | unfair terms / unconscionable clauses |
| 定型約款の組入れ | incorporation of standard terms |
| 定型約款の変更 | modification of standard terms |
| 公正な取引 | fair dealing |
| 消費者の知る権利 | consumer's right to information |
| 誤認惹起 (消費者契約法) | misrepresentation (Consumer Contract Act) |
| 困惑惹起 (消費者契約法) | undue influence / duress (Consumer Contract Act) |

## Withdrawal and Returns Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| クーリングオフ | cooling-off / right of withdrawal |
| クーリングオフ期間 (8日間) | cooling-off period (8 days) |
| 契約の申込みの撤回 | withdrawal of application |
| 契約の解除 | cancellation of contract |
| 返品 | return (of goods) |
| 返品条件 / 返品特約 | return conditions / return policy |
| 返品送料 | return shipping costs |
| 返金 | refund |
| 返品不可 | non-returnable |
| 特注品 (返品不可) | customised (UK) / customized (US) goods (non-returnable) |
| 生鮮品 (返品不可) | fresh or perishable goods (non-returnable) |

## Warranty and Guarantee Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 品質保証 | warranty / quality guarantee |
| 契約不適合責任 (消費者) | non-conformity liability (consumer) |
| 瑕疵 / 欠陥 | defect |
| 品質上の欠陥 | quality defect |
| 修理 | repair |
| 交換 | replacement |
| 代金減額 | reduction of the purchase price |
| 契約解除 | rescission / termination of the contract |
| 損害賠償 (消費者) | damages (consumer) |
| 保証期間 | warranty period |
| 証明責任 / 立証責任 | burden of proof |

## E-Commerce Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 電子商取引 | e-commerce / electronic commerce |
| ECプラットフォーム / ECモール | e-commerce platform / online marketplace |
| プラットフォーム事業者 | platform operator |
| 出店者 / テナント | merchant on the platform |
| 特定商取引法に基づく表示 | legal notice (under the Specified Commercial Transactions Act) |
| 事業者情報の表示義務 | business information disclosure obligation |
| 注文確認画面 / 申込み確認画面 | order confirmation screen |
| 注文確認 | order confirmation |
| 支払方法 | payment method |
| 前払い / 事前決済 | advance payment / prepayment |
| 配送時間 / 配送期間 | delivery time |
| 送料 | shipping costs / delivery charges |
| プライバシーポリシー | privacy policy |
| レビュー / 口コミ | review / consumer review |
| ステルスマーケティング (ステマ) | undisclosed advertising / stealth marketing |
| ライブコマース | live-streaming e-commerce |

## Product Liability Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 製造物責任 / PL | product liability (PL) |
| 製造物責任法 (PL法) | Product Liability Act |
| 製造業者 | manufacturer / producer |
| 欠陥 / 製品欠陥 | defect |
| 設計上の欠陥 | design defect |
| 製造上の欠陥 | manufacturing defect |
| 指示・警告上の欠陥 | failure to warn / inadequate instructions |
| 製品回収 / リコール | product recall |
| 製品安全 | product safety |
| 消費生活用製品安全法 | Consumer Product Safety Act |
| PSCマーク / PSEマーク | PSC mark / PSE mark (safety certification) |
| JISマーク | JIS mark (Japanese Industrial Standards) |
| 消費者庁 | Consumer Affairs Agency |

## Advertising Terms

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 景品表示法 (景表法) | Act against Unjustifiable Premiums and Misleading Representations |
| 不当表示 | misleading representation |
| 優良誤認表示 | quality misrepresentation |
| 有利誤認表示 | advantageous misrepresentation |
| 比較広告 | comparative advertising |
| 不正競争防止法 | Unfair Competition Prevention Act |
| 課徴金 | surcharge / administrative monetary penalty |

## Section Headings

| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 総則 / 通則 | GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS |
| 契約の成立 | FORMATION OF CONTRACT |
| 価格及び支払 | PRICES AND PAYMENT |
| 配送 | DELIVERY |
| 返品及び交換 | RETURNS AND EXCHANGES |
| 責任 | LIABILITY |
| 個人情報保護 | DATA PROTECTION |
| 一般条項 | GENERAL PROVISIONS |

## Notes

- **Consumer Contract Act (消費者契約法)**: Japan's principal consumer contract legislation,
  enacted 2000, last major amendment 2022. Provides for rescission of contracts induced by
  misrepresentation or undue influence, and invalidation of unfair terms. Reference as
  "Consumer Contract Act" on first mention.
- **Act on Specified Commercial Transactions (特定商取引法)**: Regulates door-to-door sales,
  distance selling, telephone solicitation, and other specified transactions. Provides
  cooling-off rights. Reference as "Specified Commercial Transactions Act" on first mention.
- **"クーリングオフ" (cooling-off)**: The statutory right of withdrawal — 8 days for most
  transaction types, 20 days for multilevel marketing. Does not apply to standard e-commerce
  (internet distance selling), which is governed by the return policy provisions instead.
  Flag the distinction.
- **"定型約款" (standard form terms)**: The 2020 Civil Code reform codified rules on
  standard form contract terms (Arts. 548-2 to 548-4). Terms not reasonably expected by
  the consumer are not incorporated. Flag when translating standard terms.
- **"ステルスマーケティング" (stealth marketing)**: Japan designated undisclosed advertising
  as a misleading representation under the Premiums and Representations Act in 2023. This
  affects influencer marketing and paid reviews. Flag compliance requirements.
- **Product Liability Act (PL法)**: Enacted 1994. Strict liability for defective products.
  The manufacturer must prove development risk defence (UK) / defense (US) (state-of-the-art)
  to avoid liability. Flag when translating product liability provisions.
